神东矿井污水的开发与利用

神东矿区地处荒漠地区，水资源非常缺乏，煤炭的开发不可避免地破坏了地下水资源。因此，水资源及其利用成为制约矿区建设的关键因素之一。针对这种状况，在采用先进技术对生活污水进行处理的同时，结合矿井污水和采空区及其充填物的特点，重点开发了矿井污水采空区过滤净化技术，为矿井污水的净化与利用开辟了一条新途径。     

高浊度污水快速净化新技术

介绍了一种快速净化高浊度污水的新技术,该技术根据化学强化一级处理(chemically enhanced primary treatment,CEPT)技术、闪速混合(flash mixing)技术、旋流和点涡流絮凝技术、悬浮泥层过滤技术和过滤水力学原理等理论,采用物理化学法去除污水中的有机污染物和其他有害杂质,其有着流程简单可靠、投资和运行费用低、占地少、净化效果好的优势.     

污水土壤含水层处理系统原理、管理、效率和应用

论述了污水土壤含水层处理系统中的地球化学过程。该系统通过对污染物的机械过滤、生物化学转化和降解过程、吸附／解吸过程、氧化／还原过程、沉淀／溶解过程、以及矿物的合成过程净化污水。运作周期通常为1～2d灌水／4—5d排干，年水力负荷变化于15—100m之间，应根据季节变化调整水力负荷。该系统能有效去除污水中的微生物和悬浮物，降低COD和BOD含量，和去除潜在的有毒的无机成分，如重金属和含氧阴离子。作为一种低投资、低能耗、高净化效率、运行简单的自然的污水处理技术，其在世界各国得到了广泛应用。我国部分地区水资源极其短缺，在土壤和气候条件适合的地区，应用土壤含水层处理技术处理污水，实现污水资源化，既解决了污水污染环境问题，又将在一定程度上缓解该地区的水资源短缺问题，对于经济与环境的协调发展具有重要意义。     

自然净化法处理火箭推进剂污水在航天发射场的应用

火箭推进剂污水处理的方法很多，通过几种处理技术的比较，得出自然净化法处理推进剂污水的方法是可行的，同时为该方法在其它领域（化工、医药、印染行业）的污水处理工程的应用提供了一条新的途径。     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视，在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用。但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用，在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制。本研究分析了一些强化技术（如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等）在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性。     

高效生活污水净化槽的研究

开发研制了一种新型的无污泥排放，无需专人管理的高效生活污水（含粪便）净化槽。该装置采用了厌氧一好氧流程来处理高浓度生活污水，造价略高于化粪池。试验表明：装置在污水停留时间为１８ｈ时（略低于传统化粪池），出水ＣＯＤ〈１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤ去除率〉９０％，ＢＯＤ５去除率〉９５％，出水水质满足国家污水排放标准，从我国现有国情来看，这是一种值得推广的分散型高浓度生活污水净化装置。     

植物及其根系分泌物对污水净化效果的影响

为了弄清不同植物对污水的净化效率以及其根系分泌物对污水净化效果的影响,对植物根系分泌物与脱氮及COD去除之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,在净化时间相同的情况下,茭白（Zizania cadaciflora）对污水COD的去除效果要好于美人蕉（Canna generalis）,美人蕉对污水TN的去除率要高于茭白,系统中N去除主要依靠硝化反硝化脱氮;美人蕉根系比茭白根系能分泌更多的溶解有机碳（DOC）,这些可溶性的有机碳可以为污水中微生物提供碳源,有利于氮的反硝化去除,但同时也会增加出水COD的浓度。而茭白比美人蕉具有更强的硝化能力,可促进其硝化反硝化作用。     

污水土壤含水层处理系统原理、管理、效率和应用

论述了污水土壤含水层处理系统中的地球化学过程.该系统通过对污染物的机械过滤、生物化学转化和降解过程、吸附/解吸过程、氧化/还原过程、沉淀/溶解过程、以及矿物的合成过程净化污水.运作周期通常为1～2 d灌水/4～5 d排干,年水力负荷变化于15～100 m之间,应根据季节变化调整水力负荷.该系统能有效去除污水中的微生物和悬浮物,降低COD和BOD含量,和去除潜在的有毒的无机成分,如重金属和含氧阴离子.作为一种低投资、低能耗、高净化效率、运行简单的自然的污水处理技术,其在世界各国得到了广泛应用.我国部分地区水资源极其短缺,在土壤和气候条件适合的地区,应用土壤含水层处理技术处理污水,实现污水资源化,既解决了污水污染环境问题,又将在一定程度上缓解该地区的水资源短缺问题,对于经济与环境的协调发展具有重要意义.     

生物/生态技术协同修复城市景观水体的现场试验研究

针对武汉动物园鹤岛水体的污染状况,结合景观建设,采用生物滤罐和生态型岸边带相结合的生物/生态技术对该水体进行循环净化。实验结果表明,该净化系统对鹤岛水体水质有很大的改善作用,解决了以前水体混浊、夏季水体中藻类浓度高的问题,景观功能明显提高。该系统中生物滤罐起主要作用,夏季净化效果较好,对于总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、COD、溶解态氮、氨态氮都有很好的净化效果;冬季效果略差,以过滤作用为主,对溶解态污染物去除作用微弱。岸边带在冬季基本没有净化效果,夏季则净化作用较为显著。     

中水回用中平板膜的污染机理分析

采用间歇式生物反应器，对模拟小区生活污水的人工配水进行了生物处理；然后，在操作压力为0．1MPa，搅拌速度为300r／min条件下，选用膜生物反应器中常用的聚醚砜（PES，切割分子量分别为2万、1万和5千）、聚丙烯腈（PAN，切割分子量为20万）、聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF，切割分子量为20万）超滤平板膜和聚醚砜（PES，孔径为0．1μm）、聚丙烯腈（PAN，孔径为0．1μm）、聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF，孔径为0．1μm）微滤平板膜在实验室用死端超滤器上分别对活性污泥悬浮液进行了过滤并探讨了和间歇式生物反应器组合在一起用于中水回用的效果，结果表明：每种组合处理后的出水水质为COD〈50mg／L，NH3-N〈10mg／L，SS为0mg／L，浊度为0NTU，都达到了中水回用的水质标准（CJ25．1．89），其中生物反应器分别与PES超滤膜（5千、1万、2万）和PAN（20万、0．1μm）膜组合时，对COD的去除率较高，但所有组合对NH3-N、TOC去除率及膜的渗透通量都相差不大。此外，根据恒压堵塞过滤定律对膜的污染机理进行的研究证实：对于微滤膜和PAN（20万）超滤膜而言，由滤饼过滤过渡到完全（标准）堵塞，再到滤饼过滤；但对于PVDF（20万）和PES（2万）超滤膜，则由标准堵塞过渡到完全堵塞，再到滤饼过滤；PES（5千、1万）超滤膜的污染机理相对简单，整个过程以滤饼过滤为主。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.