铀矿区居民室内氡污染水平调查与原因分析

铀矿区某居民点室内氡污染较重,氡浓度和居民所受到的个人辐射剂量远高于国家限值。为了查明氡污染的原因,在现场测量的基础上,通过大气扩散高斯模式计算分析了铀矿井排风口、堆浸场、废石场等气载源项对居民点的辐射剂量贡献。结果表明,各气载源项释放的氡对居民点氡浓度的贡献只有38.08Bq/m3,约占门窗开启的室内氡浓度的16.3%。而居民室内的土壤氡析出对室内氡浓度的贡献为154.29Bq/m3,约占门窗开启的室内氡浓度的65.9%。由此可见,居民点氡浓度过高主要是由于土壤氡析出所致。     

世界卫生组织发起室内氡污染国际项目

世界卫生组织(WHO)正发起一项国际氡项目,旨在育公众知道氡的危害。该项目将包括WHO各成员国中的氡水平数据库,氡作用水平和减少氡污染措施。已出版的一套关于氡和癌症关系的小册子是该项目的一部分。据悉,氡引起的肺癌可达肺癌病例数的6%~15%。较多的氡暴露可使吸烟者患肺癌     

居室放射性氡对人体健康的影响及防护

阐述了放射性氡的特征、来源及其危害，并针对氡的来源提出相应的防治措施。     

氡

在自然界的土壤、岩石和石煤中,广泛地存在着天然放射性元素铀、镭等,由于它们的衰变,形成了放射性气体氡与氡子体等。这些放射性气体从土壤、岩石、矿石表面不断地释放到空气中,当处于干燥状态时,氡以相对恒定的速度渗到大气中。     

浙江省部份地区环境氡浓度的测定

一、引言氡是铀系中~(226)Ra 的衰变产物,人体经常受到氡及其子体产物的照射。在住房中,氡是最主要的照射源。在浙江省放射性本底调查中,我们于1984年3—4月,对省内部分地区的室外空气中氡浓度以及若干座居民住宅、宾馆(或招待所)、地下构筑物中的氡浓度进行了测量。室外环境测量点9个(其中24小时内每2小时取样监测一次的连续监测点2个),室内环境测量点14个(其中连续监测点3个)。采样点离地面高度为1.5米。室内测量时,在取样测量前先将房间的门窗关闭3—4小时,并尽量减少室内外空气的对流;室内连续监测点则选择在有套间     

室内放射污染物——氡

氡是一种天然放射性气体,是人居环境中最直接的污染物,其危害是看不见、摸不着的,为提高空气品质,保护人体免受辐射危害,作者研究介绍氡气的物化特性,并提出降低室内氡浓度的有效措施,以及检测方法和相关标准.     

杭州某高校室内空气质量状况调查分析

为了解高校室内污染状况,调查选取杭州市某高校75间教室按照装修完成后时间长短分成5组,分别于2011年3、6月进行氡、氨、甲醛和苯系物(苯、甲苯和二甲苯),浓度的检测.结果显示,甲醛和苯系物浓度与装修完成后时间长短、通风情况、温度、湿度密切相关,装修完成后1.0年内的教室浓度显著高于其余组(P＜0.05).除装修完成后5.0年以上组外,各组甲醛和苯系物含量6月都呈现极显著增高趋势(p＜0.01).所有室内氡和氨浓度均未超标.总体来说,该校室内空气质量状况总体良好,但新建建筑物的室内空气污染存在一定的安全隐患.     

用国产滤膜测定大气中气溶胶状态的有害物质

聚三氯乙烯超细纤维测尘滤膜(以下简称滤膜),具有阻力小,阻尘率高,带静电,韧性、增水性好,使用方便等优点。我们自1969年开始试用于采集坑下、车间及大气中呈气溶胶状态的氡氢子体、砷、镍、铬、镉、锰等有害物质,并进行测定,结果可靠。由于滤膜阻力小,虽使用轴流式或离心式电动抽气机,采气流量也较大,增强对烟、尘状态物质的捕捉能力,缩短采样时间。还能同时测定飘尘浓     

某废弃铀矿周边农田土壤重金属和放射性元素的风险分析和修复措施

在某废弃的铀矿周围农田选取10个土壤样点,采集表层土壤下(0~60 cm)不同深度的60个土壤样品,分析其中重金属和放射性元素污染水平,并进行污染修复方案设计。结果表明:Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Cr、Mn、Ni、U和232Th的平均浓度分别为2 275.69、6.09、71.51、1 230.47、47.87、502.81、46.22、422.39、12.01、74.05和27.28 mg·kg~(-1),Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、As、Hg和U的浓度高于研究区域土壤环境背景值,原采矿场和原堆积矿场是重点污染区域;地累积指数(Igeo)显示农田Hg处于高污染水平,Cd、Zn、Pb和U处于中度污染水平以上。采用覆土、钝化和植物修复相结合的方法进行原矿区场地修复。在原矿区场地加入钝化剂或植物提取修复之前进行覆土。结果表明原采矿场、原堆积矿场分别覆土140和120 cm,氡析出率≤0.74 Bq·(m~2·s)~(-1),γ射线剂量率接近30×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)。结果满足环境标准要求。     

废旧计算机CRT监视器的管理和资源化技术

分析了废旧计算机CRT监视器的材料组成 ,并且阐明了它对环境和人体健康的潜在危害 ,同时比较了国内外相关管理现状 ,总结了目前已有的资源化技术 ,主要是拆解技术 ,并且介绍了目前国内外的资源化实践 ,并提出有关建议。     

Industrial Pollution Prevention

The 1992 A&WMA Critical Review was authored by Harry Freeman and members of his staff at the Pollution Prevention Research Branch, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Freeman presented the paper "Industrial Pollution Prevention," at the Critical Review session held during the 85th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting in Kansas City, Missouri. Prepared discussions and invited comments presented during the session are published here, as well as closing remarks by Mr. Freeman.     

Pollution Control Progress

A scrubbing process for flue gas desulfurization, based upon naturally occurring carbonate rocks, has been developed from laboratory to pilot plant scale. Calcitic limestones are better sulfur dioxide absorbents than dolomitic ones when used in the slurry form. The process was tested on a 200-cfm pilot plant on a coal-fired boiler. Various types of scrubbing equipment were evaluated. Up to 80 per cent sulfur dioxide removal was feasible. The consumption of limestone ranged between 20 and 30 per cent more than the stoichiometric requirements.     

Air Pollution Acronyms

Abstract

Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis of the thermal flow in the combustion chamber of a solid waste incinerator provides crucial insight into the incinerator’s performance. However, the interrelation of the gas flow with the burning waste has not been adequately treated in many CFD models. A strategy for a combined simulation of the waste combustion and the gas flow in the furnace is introduced here. When coupled with CFD, a model of the waste combustion in the bed provides the inlet conditions for the gas flow field and receives the radiative heat flux onto the bed from the furnace wall and gaseous species. An unsteady one-dimensional bed model was used for the test simulation, in which the moving bed was treated as a packed bed of homogeneous fuel particles. The simulation results show the physical processes of the waste combustion and its interaction with the gas flow for various operational parameters.     

Air Pollution and Health

The use of multistage, dry, fluidized beds of continuously recycled, coal-based activated carbon appears technically and economically attractive for both adsorption of stack gas So₂ and sequential conversion to elemental sulfur. Conceptual design details and economic factors are discussed for the treatment of power plant or oil refinery SO₂ effluents with by-product sulfur recovery.     

Air Pollution Research Problems

The TR-l Research Committee of the Air Pollution Control Association conducted a survey during 1969–70 to determine what air pollution research problems require attention. All APCA committees were requested to contribute topics to this survey, especially within their area of activity. Other professional societies were contacted through liaison representatives of APCA. The responses to the survey have been reviewed, categorized, selected, and edited for inclusion in this report. Additional material and concepts have been contributed by members of the TR-l Committee.     

Air Pollution Control Philosophies

Most air pollution control programs rest on one or more of the following four basic philosophies: emission standards, air quality standards, emission taxes, and cost benefit analysis. Frequently they rest on mixtures or combinations of these four. This paper examines each of the four separately, tries to show why each is different from the others, and compares their advantages and disadvantages.