区域环境风险评价方法初探

与单个建设项目的环境风险相比，区域环境风险具有多源、多途径和多敏感目标的特点，在未来几十年内，区域环境风险将是环境风险评价的重点研究领域之一，但是由于没有相应的技术导则、规范来指导该章节的编制，《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》中的评价办法也并不完全适用于区域层面，因此开发区环境风险评价的开展效果并不理想。在分析开发区环境风险评价工作现状及存在问题的基础上，提出了适用于开发区区域环境风险评价的程序及方法。     

环境风险全过程管理机制研究

中国突发性环境污染事件已进入高发期.结合中国环境风险控制的要求,针对环境风险发生的3个阶段(事前预防、事中响应、事后处置)从环境风险源、控制管理机制、环境风险受体3个因素人手,在环境风险源管理、区域环境安全规划、环境风险应急管理、环境污染事后评估与环境修复等4个环节搭建环境风险管理长效机制,建立环境风险全过程管理体系.     

环境风险评价及其在环境管理中的应用

介绍了环境风险评价的基本概念、评价基本步骤、内容和方法,举例说明环境风险评价在环境管理中预防突发事故的应用,并对目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势作了预测.     

环境风险评价简介

在概述了环境风险评价的必要性、现状和研究进展的基础上，介绍了环境风险评价研究的有关基本概念以及风险评价的主要内容、方法和步骤，指出风险评价中存在的不足，并在此基础上提出了一些建议。     

区域突发性环境污染事件可接受风险研究

可接受风险旨在回答"多安全才够安全?"。目前可接受风险研究主要针对生命与财产风险,很少涉及环境风险。然而突发性环境污染事件日益频繁且呈现出明显的区域性,因此开展区域环境可接受风险研究非常必要。探讨了区域突发性环境污染事件可接受风险的概念、影响因素、标准确定原则和方法,并展望了未来的研究趋势。     

半导体企业环境风险防范措施建议

当前国际形势下,中国半导体行业不断创新发展。由于半导体行业的工艺技术特点,生产过程中必然涉及各类易燃易爆、有毒有害化学品。根据半导体生产行业特征及其环境风险水平,提出环境风险预防、控制、减缓措施,明确环境风险防范及应急要求,运用科学的技术手段和管理方法,尽可能降低环境风险事故发生。     

尾矿库溃坝风险评价方法的研究进展

溃坝风险评价作为管理者开展尾矿库风险管理的重要手段,对减少和防止尾矿库溃坝事故的发生,保障其安全运行具有重要意义。因此,进行尾矿库溃坝风险评价相关理论和方法的研究非常必要。通过大量的文献调研和分析,较系统回顾和总结了中国尾矿库溃坝风险评价方法的运用现状,并对不同方法存在的问题和局限性进行了探讨。在此基础上,指出了尾矿库溃坝风险评价未来的研究方向。     

危险废物事故排放的河流水环境健康风险评价

分析了基于水体中污染物迁移转化方程的水质预测模型,并借鉴美国环保局推荐使用的健康风险评价模型,建立了一种危险废物事故排放时水环境对人体健康风险的评价方法。以电镀污泥为例验证了该方法的有效性。结果显示:该方法需要参数少且计算简单;电镀污泥中目标污染物(Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)所引起的河流水环境非致癌风险(1.67)超过了美国标准中的可接受风险水平1.00,不可接受;致癌风险(0.88E-11)则小于美国标准中的可接受风险水平1.00E-06,风险不明显。     

环境风险评价研究进展

本文论述了环境风险评价研究的有关基本概念，以及主要研究内容的发展，指出了风险评价中存在的不足，并在比基础上提出了一些建议     

焦化行业的环境风险评价方法

结合具体实例，对焦化行业环境风险评价中，环境风险污染源的识别、影响预测及环境风险的减缓措施和应急预案的制定等评价方法进行了分析。     

基于全面风险管理的环境风险信息系统(ERIS)建设研究

建立环境风险信息系统(ERIS)是加强区域信息共享、提高综合决策能力、扩大公众参与程度的有效方式。针对当前环境风险信息应用中存在的异化问题,基于全面风险管理的理论内涵,遵循信息管理要求,结合环境风险信息特点,通过主体管理、要素控制和资源支持3个方面的协同作用创立了ERIS正四面体模型,提出了ERIS的全过程控制实践结构和信息数据库分层管理体系;从完善支撑体系、提高信息收集能力、强化信息处理决策、增进区域联动和公众参与等5个方面优化建设内容,为大规模区域开发形势下环境安全战略的实施提供参考。     

Using risk maps to link land value damage and risk as basis of flexible risk management for brownfield redevelopment

Brownfield redevelopment involves numerous uncertain financial risks associated with market demand and land value. To reduce the uncertainty of the specific impact of land value and social costs, this study develops small-scale risk maps to determine the relationship between population risk (PR) and damaged land value (DLV) to facilitate flexible land reutilisation plans. This study used the spatial variability of exposure parameters in each village to develop the contaminated site-specific risk maps. In view of the combination of risk and cost, risk level that most affected land use was mainly 1.00 × 10^?6 to 1.00 × 10^?5 in this study area. Village 2 showed the potential for cost-effective conversion with contaminated land development. If the risk of remediation target was set at 5.00 × 10^?6, the DLV could be reduced by NT$15,005 million for the land developer. The land developer will consider the net benefit by quantifying the trade-off between the changes of land value and the cost of human health. In this study, small-scale risk maps can illuminate the economic incentive potential for contaminated site redevelopment through the adjustment of land value damage and human health risk.     

Ecological risk assessment of pollutant chemicals: extinction risk based on population-level effects

The extinction probability is one of the most useful endpoints that are utilized in conservation biology. A parallel approach is advocated for the ecological risk assessment of chemical pollutants. The presented framework estimates extinction probability induced by pollutant chemicals in order to evaluate ecological hazards of pollution, and is applicable to any biological community (aquatic or terrestrial). The analytical framework, which is based on stochastic population dynamics theory, is briefly explained. The extinction risk estimation is feasible if ecotoxicological data concerning pollutant effects on population growth rate of organisms (the intrinsic rate of natural increase), and if environmental exposure concentration is provided. Tentative risk estimation was made for some agrochemicals and surfactants on zooplankton populations (Daphnia) as target organisms.     

EU risk assessment guidelines

Regional PECs (Potential Environmental Concentrations) calculated with the software EUSES were compared with measured values using different emission and environmental distribution scenarios. The environmental data set recommended in EUSES (default data set) represents a generic standard region. In different scenarios the parameters of the generic region are replaced by concrete values, and estimated parameters (emissions, degradation rates and partition coefficients) are substituted by measured or investigated values. Deviations with regard to the measured values can be up to three orders of magnitude. Despite the basically conservative approximations, underestimations can occur. However, these are usually due to poor monitoring data or inappropriate input values. The use of regional data instead of default parameters only slightly ameliorates the results. The use of real emission and degradation rates alone can improve the results significantly.     

Multidimensional risk analysis of antifouling biocides

In order to improve the orientation about the long-term sustainability of the use of the antifouling biocides tributyltin (TBT), copper, Irgarol® 1051, Sea-Nine? 211 and zinc pyrithione, used for the protection of fouling in sea-going ships, the risks posed to the marine biosphere due to their use are evaluated. The newly presented method of risk analysis uses release rate, spatiotemporal range, bioaccumulation, bioactivity and uncertainty as 5 dimensions of ecotoxicological risk. For each dimension, a scoring procedure is briefly described. The resulting risk profiles of the antifouling biocides show characteristics of the different substances, but also indicate where further information is required. Application of the method is proposed as a decision support in the integrated development of products, informed purchasing and for regulatory purposes.     

Ecological risk assessment of neem-based pesticides

A tiered process was used to evaluate the risks of pure azadirachtin (AZA) and two neem-based insecticides (Neemix and Bioneem) on six aquatic animals [crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), water fleas (Daphnia pulex), and mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus)] through short term acute toxicity tests. The risk was calculated using the level of concern endpoints (Q values) and relative hazard index (RHI) for acute and chronic exposure scenarios. The Q values of Neemix, Bioneem, and pure AZA derived from acute exposure tests indicated that D. pulex is the only sensitive species to the test pesticides. Furthermore, the RHI values of Neemix and Bioneem for D. pulex were above the critical limit of 10 indicating that these pesticides may pose a moderate hazard to this species and related crustaceans in acute exposure scenarios. The RHI values of the two pesticides and pure AZA were all below the critical limit of 10 for P. clarkii, P. setiferus, P. pugio, C. sapidus, and C. quinquefasciatus. The aquatic risk assessment process showed that the risk values of tested pesticides did not exceed the criteria, and therefore, no ecological hazard is likely to result from their use.     

Environmental risk assessment of existing chemicals

Most of the existing chemicals of high priority have been released into the environment for many years. Risk assessments for existing chemicals are now conducted within the framework of the German Existing Chemicals Program and by the EC Regulation on Existing Substances. The environmental assessment of a chemical involves:

1. exposure assessment leading to the derivation of a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of a chemical from releases due to its production, processing, use, and disposal. The calculation of a PEC takes into account the dispersion of a chemical into different environmental compartments, elimination and dilution processes, as well as degradation. Monitoring data are also considered.
2. effects assessment. Data obtained from acute or long-term toxicity tests are used for extrapolation on environmental conditions. In order to calculate the concentration with expectedly no adverse effect on organisms (Predicted No Effect Concentration, PNEC) the effect values are divided by an assessment factor. This assessment factor depends on the quantity and quality of toxicity data available.

In the last step of the initial risk assessment, the measured or estimated PEC is compared with the PNEC. This “risk characterization” is conducted for each compartment separately (water, sediment, soil, and atmosphere). In case PEC > PNEC an attempt should be made to revise data of exposure and/or effects to conduct a refined risk characterization. In case PEC is again larger than PNEC risk reduction measures have to be considered.     

European risk assessment of LAS in agricultural soil revisited: species sensitivity distribution and risk estimates

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) is used at a rate of approximately 430,000 tons/y in Western Europe, mainly in laundry detergents. It is present in sewage sludge (70-5,600 mg/kg; 5-95th percentile) because of its high usage per capita, its sorption and precipitation in primary settlers, and its lack of degradation in anaerobic digesters. Immediately after amendment, calculated and measured concentrations are <1 to 60 mg LAS/kg soil. LAS biodegrades rapidly in soil with primary and ultimate half-lives of up to 7 and 30 days, respectively. Calculated residual concentrations after the averaging time (30 days) are 0.24-18 mg LAS/kg soil. The long-term ecotoxicity to soil microbiota is relatively low (EC10 >or=26 mg sludge-associated LAS/kg soil). An extensive review of the invertebrate and plant ecotoxicological data, combined with a probabilistic assessment approach, led to a PNEC value of 35 mg LAS/kg soil, i.e. the 5th percentile (HC5) of the species sensitivity distribution (lognormal distribution of the EC10 and NOEC values). Risk ratios were identified to fall within a range of 0.01 (median LAS concentration in sludge) to 0.1 (95th percentile) and always below 0.5 (maximum LAS concentration measured in sludge) according to various scenarios covering different factors such as local sewage influent concentration, water hardness, and sewage sludge stabilisation process. Based on the present information, it can be concluded that LAS does not represent an ecological risk in Western Europe when applied via normal sludge amendment to agricultural soil.     

Legislating risk: the USA struggles to reform its policies for the assessment and management of risk

This paper focuses on recent efforts in the United States to improve the federal government's approach to regulating risk, with particular emphasis on legislation introduced in the Congress of the United States that was designed to reform and standardize risk assessment and risk management practices at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal agencies with responsibility for health, safety, and environmental regulation. After reviewing the key provisions of the legislation and the potential impact of those provisions on EPA's risk-related activities, the paper suggests certain fundamental principles that should guide the debate on reform of policies and procedures associated with risk.     

建立环境风险防范体系加强对环境风险的管理

阐明了环境风险管理的必要性，提出了环境风险管理的对策和措施。同时，结合当前环境突发事件应急预案编制存在的主要问题，提出了浙江省规范环境突发事件应急预案编制的建议。