共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 546 毫秒
1.
卤代芳烃对水生生物急性毒性的定量构效关系研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
秦正龙 《环境污染治理技术与设备》2005,6(1):50-53
提出表征成键原子生物活性的点价βi,由βi建构新的价连接性指数^nH,并用0阶指数^0H,1价指数^1H研究了卤代芳烃(含F、Cl、Br、OH、NH2、NO2和烷基等)对发光菌、呆鲦鱼、斜生栅列藻的急性毒性,给出了相关方程。结果表明,新方法计算简单,应用方便,估算结果均优于相应的文献方法。 相似文献
2.
3.
《环境工程学报》2016,(8)
将零价铁活化过硫酸钠产生硫酸根自由基的高级氧化技术应用于处理含油废水。研究了过硫酸钠浓度、零价铁投加量、p H值对油降解率的影响,分析了反应过程中S2O2-8和Fe2+的浓度变化。通过投加柠檬酸强化了降解效率,并探讨了油降解的动力学过程。结果表明,零价铁活化产生硫酸根自由基是处理含油废水行之有效的手段。当过硫酸钠浓度119 mg·L~(-1)、Fe0投加量为50 mg·L~(-1)、p H=1.0,反应4 h后油降解率达到79.26%。Fe/Ps体系中,存在不同的主反应过程,其中Fe2+为主要活性物质,其浓度与降解速率正相关。适量投加柠檬酸可以优化控制Fe2+浓度,油降解率可提高20.64%。油降解动力学过程用准一级动力学方程描述。 相似文献
4.
零价铁(Fe0)在水处理过程中有着非常广泛的应用.向Fe0反应体系中曝气,可利用O2还原自发生成H2O2,继而在常温、常压、较宽的pH范围(3~8)内产生·OH等强氧化剂氧化降解有机物.总结了Fe0/O2体系的反应机制,其中主要包括Fe0的双电子传递与Fe2-的单电子传递还原O2产生活性中间体H2O2,以及H2 O2与Fe2+发生Fenton反应产生氧化剂;介绍了pH、曝气方式、溶解氧、Fe0的比表面积及其投加量等因素对氧化剂产量及性质的影响;着重论述了向Fe0/O2体系中加入天然有机物质(NOM)、多金属氧酸盐(POM)等氧化还原媒介,以及草酸盐(C2O42-)、氨三乙酸(NTA)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)等络合剂或引入第二金属形成双金属/O2体系等方法强化体系氧化能力的措施,并提出了Fe0/O2体系未来的研究方向. 相似文献
5.
《环境工程学报》2016,(8)
为了考察零价铝对高氯酸盐的去除影响因素和机制,对比了普通铝粉和酸洗铝粉对高氯酸盐的去除效果,并设计正交实验,分析温度、p H值、酸洗零价铝投加量和高氯酸根初始浓度4个因素对高氯酸盐的去除影响规律,另外,检测分析零价铝去除高氯酸盐过程中反应液Cl O-4、Cl-随时间的浓度变化。结果表明,酸洗预处理得到较高纯度的零价单质铝,并且对高氯酸盐具有较高的去除效率;正交实验极差分析结果表明,反应的最优水平:温度25℃、p H为4.5、投加量为35 g·L~(-1)、高氯酸根初始浓度为2 mg·L~(-1),高氯酸根去除效率各影响因素的主次关系为p H投加量温度初始浓度;初步表明,零价铝去除高氯酸根的主要机制并非零价铝的还原作用,而是老化铝粉固体表面吸附过程。 相似文献
6.
以250W照明金属卤化物灯为光源,研究了水中雌酮(E1)在UV-Vis/Fe(Ⅲ)/H2O2体系中的光降解;考查了初始pH、Fe(Ⅲ)、H2O2、E1初始浓度对E1光降解的影响。结果表明,UV-Vis/Fe(Ⅲ)/H2O2体系能有效地光降解E1,在[Fe(Ⅲ)30-20.8μmol/L、[H2O2]0=1664μmol/L、pH=3.0时,光照160min,18.5btmol/L E1的光降解率可达98.4%;在pH3.0~8.0范围内,pH初始值越小,E1降解率越大,反应初始速率越大;实验条件下,Fe(Ⅲ)、H2O2初始浓度越大,E1降解率越大,反应初始速率越大;E1初始浓度越低,E1降解率越大,反应初始速率越小。pH=3.0,实验浓度范围内的表观动力学方程为:dCE1/dt=0.00093[H2O2]^0.47[Fe(Ⅲ)]^0.62[E1]0.24;Fe(Ⅲ)是影响反应速率的主要浓度因素。 相似文献
7.
8.
负载β-环糊精纤维素纤维在污水处理中的应用研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
以环氧氯丙烷作为交联剂 ,在碱性介质中将β-环糊精负载到粘胶纤维上 ,合成了负载β-环糊精的功能性纤维素纤维。考察了负载 β-环糊精的纤维素纤维对模拟水样中无机重金属离子、苯胺、苯酚及其对苯二酚的富集性能。实验结果表明 ,负载 β-环糊精的纤维素纤维对无机重金属离子 (Cu2 +、Cd2 +、Pb2 +)、苯胺、苯酚及其对苯二酚富集效果良好 ,Cu2 +、Pb2 +、Cd2 +富集容量分别达到 0 .2 42 8、0 .2 95 4、0 .3 43 8mmol/g,苯胺、苯酚及其对苯二酚富集容量分别达到 1.15 4、1.117、0 .95 76mmol/g 相似文献
9.
零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中的硝基苯 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过间歇式实验,考察了零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中硝基苯的效果。实验结果表明,由零价铁腐蚀为厌氧微生物提供H2电子供体还原硝基苯的效果明显优于零价铁和微生物单独作用,硝基苯去除率分别提高21.8%和57.0%。弱酸性条件有利于协同反应进行,当初始pH为5.0和6.0时,4 d后硝基苯去除率比初始pH为7.0时的提高74.4%和35.2%。增加零价铁投加量可提高协同还原的效果,零价铁最佳投加量为250 mg/L。零价铁腐蚀产生的Fe2+无法作为电子供体被微生物利用,但可作为无机营养元素促进协同过程。由于零价铁产H2速率受表面覆盖物影响不明显,在地下水修复过程中可保证协同效果并延长零价铁的使用寿命。 相似文献
10.
参杂负载型纳米TiO2降解橙黄G的光催化活性及其动力学研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍-焙烧法制备了掺杂Sn(Ⅳ)的TiO2/AC光催化剂,以偶氮染料橙黄G为目标降解物,对光催化反应条件进行了优化。结果表明:利用Sn(IV)掺杂量为2.5at.%的TiO2/AC光催化剂,在进水浓度50mg/L,催化剂的用量12.5g/i,pH值2.0,H2O2 1.5mL/L。主波长为365nm的300W高压汞灯光照条件下,反应60rain,橙黄G的光催化去除率可达99.1%。该反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,其速控步为吸附反应。共存阴离子SO4^2-和H2PO4^-,对橙黄G的光催化降解反应均有一定的抑制作用。 相似文献
11.
The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones. 相似文献
12.
Torben Nielsen Anders Feilberg Mona-Lise Binderup 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(3):133-137
The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen.
In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in
1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for
buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was
caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced
many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH,
while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to
be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator,
was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with
a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene. 相似文献
13.
Jaana Koistinen Sirpa Herve Raija Paukku Mirja Lahtiperä Jaakko Paasivirta 《Chemosphere》1997,34(12):2553-2569
Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle. 相似文献
14.
Andreia Garcês Isabel Pires Paula Rodrigues 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2020,55(1):75-89
AbstractIn the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. 相似文献
15.
G T Brooks 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):619-621
The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9. 相似文献
16.
Wilkins K Nielsen KF Din SU 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(3):162-166
We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted. 相似文献
17.
Blunt RE Walsh KA Ashton DK Viant MR Chipman JK 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(5):293-296
A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK)
to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring
and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as
difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number
of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified,
thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial
source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular
techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive
data of improved quality. 相似文献
18.
Ralph A. Chapman Carol Harris 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4-5):397-407
Abstract The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis. 相似文献
19.
Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis. 相似文献
20.
Ona Sakaliene Sharon K. Papiernik William C. Koskinen Kurt A. Spokas 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):641-647
This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine~ amitrole~ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log Kow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides. 相似文献