利用HYDRUS-2D软件模拟污染事故后三氮污染物的迁移转化规律

以某污水处理池泄露污染水环境为例,利用HYDRUS-2D软件构建土壤水分运动和溶质运移模型,模拟三氮在该场地非饱和带垂向以及向下游地表水体的迁移转化过程,为定量预测识别该污水泄漏场地对下伏含水层和下游河流的影响提供技术参考。结果表明:(1)三氮在非饱和带垂向100cm以内明显富集,但富集规律各异;(2)氨氮和亚硝态氮在整个模拟期内并未迁移至潜水面,对下游河流的影响微乎其微,最终污染下伏含水层和下游河流的是硝态氮;(3)硝态氮在污水泄漏事件发生后的第1 095天以0.024 0mg/cm3(即24mg/L)到达下伏潜水面,超过《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—93)中Ⅲ类限值(20mg/L);(4)硝态氮在污水泄漏事件发生后的第938天以0.468 5mg/cm3(即468.5mg/L)的峰值到达下游河流,超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中规定的Ⅴ类限值(2.0mg/L)。     

抽水对含水层中污染物迁移影响的试验研究

为探究抽水对含水层中污染羽形态及迁移速率的影响,开展了抽水条件下污染物在不同含水层迁移的示踪试验。结果表明,抽水会改变均质含水层(含水层1)中污染羽的形态,但对含砾石及粉细砂夹层的非均质含水层(含水层2)及含砾石通道的非均质含水层(含水层3)中污染羽形态影响不大。与不抽水相比,抽水速率为300mL/min时,含水层1、2、3中污染物的平均迁移速率分别增大了1.570、1.480、3.050cm/min,迁移60cm所用时间分别缩短了36、35、48min。可见,抽水对不同含水层中污染物迁移速率影响程度由大到小分别为含砾石通道的非均质含水层、均质含水层、含砾石与粉细砂夹层的非均质含水层。     

某典型污染场地地下水中氯代烃类的污染分布及迁移转化分析

为探究氯代烃类在地下水中的污染分布和迁移转化规律，以天津某典型农药原料提纯场地为对象，通过地质勘察、监测采样与测试分析，对氯代烃类的水平和垂向分布特征及不同监测时间内的变化情况进行分析。结果表明，氯代烃类在研究区内水平分布不均，污染浓度较高的1,2-二氯乙烷和1,1-二氯乙烷主要集中在东侧办公室附近区域并随水流向四周扩散，点位检出率分别为66.67%和60.00%,点位超标率分别为40.00%和33.33%。污染物在垂向上不断向下运移，主要积聚在粉质黏土(4)₂、粉土(6)₃含水层中。在近一年的监测周期中，监测井Z17-2和Z9-2中氯代烃总浓度均呈现出先增加再降低的趋势，Z7-1中氯代烃总浓度呈现出逐渐升高的趋势，结合环境因子变化情况，表明该段时间内氯代烃浓度变化主要受到污染源和自然衰减两个因素影响，污染物浓度越高，自然衰减速率越慢。     

地下水中多环芳烃迁移转化研究

吸附和生物降解是受污染地下水中多环芳烃(PAHs)归宿的主要途径.论述了PAHs在含水层中吸附过程的特征、影响因素与研究方法,并比较各种研究方法的优缺点;分析了PAHs在含水层中生物降解过程机制以及研究进展;介绍了PAHs在地下水中迁移、转化数学模型与数值模拟的研究开发状况;指出了PAHs与固相介质的吸附机制和竞争吸附行为、高分子量PAHs的生物降解途径和机制及共存PAHs或与其他污染物在地下水中的迁移、转化、归宿与修复技术是深入研究的方向.     

三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾营养盐动态及干流逆向影响

为了研究水库干流对支流库湾营养盐动态的影响,于2009年春季三峡水库汛前泄水期,通过监测分析了库湾水流特点及叶绿素a、总氮、总磷和溶解性硅酸盐的时空动态。研究发现:三峡水库汛前泄水期,库湾水体表现为分层异向流动,干流水体以异重流形式倒灌入库湾;特定的水流特性为泄水期库湾营养物质运移提供了水动力基础,水库干流对库湾营养盐的补给及水华暴发范围有明显逆向作用;受干流影响,氮和硅自河口至回水末端呈递减趋势,磷主要受上游来水影响,空间分布趋势与氮、硅相反;叶绿素a浓度峰值向上游移动,水华范围向上游收缩,河口处叶绿素a浓度的时间均值明显低于回水末端,表明三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾下游水体水华受到干流逆向影响的抑制。     

电动与渗透反应格栅联合修复镉污染地下水实验

通过实验方法研究了地下水中镉污染的电动力学修复效果，并分析其迁移变化特征。实验结果表明，电动修复中由于阴阳两极的氧化还原反应造成电极附近pH值产生明显变化，其中阳极附近的pH值由开始时的7.0逐渐变小到6.8，而阴极附近则相反，由开始时6.9逐渐增大到9.1，表明土壤的酸碱条件变化明显。Cd浓度变化反映在自然渗透条件下含水层中重金属污染物的迁移能力较弱，阳极附近地下水中Cd的去除率仅8.4%，而在电场作用下地下水中重金属的浓度发生明显变化，使得重金属污染物能在电极附近富集而被去除，当实验电场强度为0.5 V/cm时，Cd在阴极的累积使得阳极附近地下水中去除率为72.9%，说明电动修复重金属Cd污染地下水的效果明显好于自然渗透状态。     

太湖内源释放及营养盐输运研究

从对流-扩散方程出发,通过公式推导,建立了包含底泥污染的水流-水质模型,对模型进行了率定和验证后,应用于太湖.该模型将湖泊水相和内源悬移相污染作为一个整体,结合污染物在悬移泥沙上的各种迁移过程,研究了太湖总氮、总磷内源释放的分布和数量,过程中考虑了悬移泥沙的各种影响因素,得到了较理想的模拟结果,当风速≤3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量较小,内源污染物释放主要通过泥-水界面的静态释放;当风速>3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量随风速增加迅速增大.通过计算得出2001年太湖内源释放的总氮为3.0万t,总磷为0.8万t.     

有机磷通过弱透水层的迁移转化规律研究

在地下水超量开采区,上层劣质潜水可以越过弱透水层补给承压水.有机磷能否随水迁移进入深层地下水构成水质污染是极为关注的问题.采用施压条件下将一定浓度的有机磷溶液渗透通过粘性土柱的模拟实验,对有机磷在饱和粘性土层中降解转化的各种因子及其影响机制进行分析,探讨有机磷在弱透水层环境中的降解转化和迁移的规律.结果表明:(1)粘性...     

Visual modflow在模拟实验室含水砂槽中柴油运移特征中的应用

Visual modflow是一个可以对三维地下水水流和溶质运移进行数值模拟评价的标准可视化专业软件.建立了砂箱物理实验模型来研究柴油在含水砂槽中的迁移特征.通过模型检验,各个监测时期观测值和预测值相关系数r值在0.564 ～0.669之间,证明这种建模方法是合理的和有效的.利用校正的模型对实验室含水砂槽中柴油运移特征进行模拟,发现所建模型可以较为准确地反映出含水砂槽中柴油污染物的分布特征,拟合、验证和预测结果显示该模型可作为地下水管理的有效工具,这为深入研究柴油污染地下水提供理论依据.     

水泥潜入河道底泥对重金属镉的拦截作用

基于水泥可潜入河道淤积基质,并可在基质内堆积和凝聚的机理,通过室内土柱积水入渗实验,揭示水泥潜入河床基质阻塞基质孔隙,削减地面水中污染物进入地下水的作用与规律。结果表明,水泥潜入河床基质,对砂壤土质河道淤泥含镉污水中重金属镉累积运移量有抑制作用,且抑制效果显著;水泥潜入砂壤土质河道淤泥对含镉污水中重金属镉浓度也有一定程度的减少作用,减少程度相对明显。该结果可以为抑制河道污染物通过地表向地下水迁移提供技术支撑,同时,为地下水环境污染治理工程选择有效、省时、低成本措施提供理论依据。     

Preliminary indications from atomic force microscopy of the presence of rapidly-formed nanoscale films on aquifer material surfaces

The objective of this study was to determine if there is a nanoscale surface film on aquifer-like materials exposed to deep groundwaters, as has previously been found on surfaces exposed to surface and soil waters. Such surface films will modify surface properties that are so important in determining the mobility of many groundwater pollutants. Muscovite mica was used because a) it is a good analogue for the main sorbing phases of many clastic aquifers and b) its cleavage planes are atomically flat allowing high resolution imaging. Freshly-cleaved muscovite plates were exposed to groundwater from a sandstone aquifer for 30 min, and surface properties (morphology, coverage, roughness and tip–substrate force interactions) were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A patchy surface film of several nanometres in depth, incorporating larger separate particles, was found on the mica surface. This film was associated with significantly increased roughness values and AFM probe–sample interaction forces compared with pure water and inorganic (synthetic groundwater) solution controls. Although the results reported are preliminary in nature, if confirmed, such films are likely to affect sorption reactions, surface-facilitated redox interactions, non-aqueous phase liquid wetting angles, and colloid–pathogen–rock attachment, and will thus be of importance in understanding natural attenuation and migration of dissolved, non-aqueous and particulate phases in groundwaters.     

Multiphase flow and transport in fractured clay/sand sequences.

A numerical model (Queen's University Multi-Phase Flow Simulator, QUMPFS) was used to assess the rate of trichloroethylene (TCE) dense, non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) migration through fractured clay, with special attention focused on the influence of interbedded sand lenses. The presence of these sand lenses was found to increase the time required for the non-wetting phase to migrate through the full 30 m vertical extent of the clay sequence from a few days to several years. Applied vertical hydraulic gradients were found to be moderately influential in systems consisting solely of fractured clays, yet one of the dominant factors controlling speed of vertical migration when sand lenses were present. Larger displacement pressure of the sands relative to that of the fractures leads to slower DNAPL migration rates, due to the delays that occur during build-up of capillary pressures. Dissolution of DNAPL and subsequent matrix diffusion of the aqueous phase has little effect on the rate of DNAPL migration through systems consisting of fractured clay only, yet slows the rate of migration in systems containing sand lenses. In all cases examined, the rate of DNAPL loading to the lower aquifer far exceeded the rate of aqueous phase mass loading. It was also found that DNAPL reaches the lower aquifer at approximately the same time as the aqueous phase plumes even for systems experiencing downward groundwater flow due to the attenuation of the aqueous phase through matrix diffusion.     

The significance of heterogeneity on mass flux from DNAPL source zones: an experimental investigation

Understanding the process of mass transfer from source zones of aquifers contaminated with organic chemicals in the form of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) is of importance in site management and remediation. A series of intermediate-scale tank experiments was conducted to examine the influence of aquifer heterogeneity on DNAPL mass transfer contributing to dissolved mass emission from source zone into groundwater under natural flow before and after remediation. A Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) spill was performed into six source zone models of increasing heterogeneity, and both the spatial distribution of the dissolution behavior and the net effluent mass flux were examined. Experimentally created initial PCE entrapment architecture resulting from the PCE migration was largely influenced by the coarser sand lenses and the PCE occupied between 30 and 60% of the model aquifer depth. The presence of DNAPL had no apparent effect on the bulk hydraulic conductivity of the porous media. Up to 71% of PCE mass in each of the tested source zone was removed during a series of surfactant flushes, with associated induced PCE mobilization responsible for increasing vertical DNAPL distributions. Effluent mass flux due to water dissolution was also found to increase progressively due to the increase in NAPL-water contact area even though the PCE mass was reduced. Doubling of local groundwater flow velocities showed negligible rate-limited effects at the scale of these experiments. Thus, mass transfer behavior was directly controlled by the morphology of DNAPL within each source zone. Effluent mass flux values were normalized by the up-gradient DNAPL distributions. For the suite of aquifer heterogeneities and all remedial stages, normalized flux values fell within a narrow band with mean of 0.39 and showed insensitivity to average source zone saturations.     

A sequential zero valent iron and aerobic biodegradation treatment system for nitrobenzene

The remediation of nitroaromatic contaminated groundwater is sometimes difficult because nitroaromatic compounds are resistant to biodegradation and, when they do transform, the degradation of the products may also be incomplete. A simple nitroaromatic compound, nitrobenzene, was chosen to assess the feasibility of an in situ multi-zone treatment system at the laboratory scale. The proposed treatment system consists of a zero valent granular iron zone to reduce nitrobenzene to aniline, followed by a passive oxygen release zone for the aerobic biodegradation of the aniline daughter product using pristine aquifer material from Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden, Ontario, as an initial microbial source. In laboratory batch experiments, nitrobenzene was found to reduce quickly in the presence of granular iron forming aniline, which was not further degraded but remained partially sorbed onto the granular iron surface. Aniline was found to be readily biodegraded with little metabolic lag under aerobic conditions using the pristine aquifer material. A sequential column experiment, containing a granular iron reducing zone and an aerobic biodegradation zone, successively degraded nitrobenzene and then aniline to below detection limits (0.5 microM) without any noticeable reduction in hydraulic conductivity from biofouling, or through the formation of precipitates.     

Radon as a naturally occurring tracer for the assessment of residual NAPL contamination of aquifers

The noble gas radon has a strong affinity to non-aqueous phase-liquids (NAPLs). That property makes it applicable as naturally occurring partitioning tracer for assessing residual NAPL contamination of aquifers. In a NAPL contaminated aquifer, radon dissolved in the groundwater partitions preferably into the NAPL. The magnitude of the resulting radon deficit in the groundwater depends on the NAPL-specific radon partition coefficient and on the NAPL saturation of the pore space. Hence, if the partition coefficient is known, the NAPL saturation is attainable by determination of the radon deficit. After a concise discussion of theoretical aspects regarding radon partitioning into NAPL, related experimental data and results of a field investigation are presented. Aim of the laboratory experiments was the determination of radon partition coefficients of multi-component NAPLs of environmental concern. The on-site activities were carried out in order to confirm the applicability of the "radon method" under field conditions.     

Movement of trichloroethene in a discontinuous permafrost zone

At a site with discontinuous permafrost in Fairbanks, Alaska, releases of trichloroethene (TCE), an industrial solvent, have caused contamination of the groundwater. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the migration pathway of the TCE groundwater plume and the distribution of the discontinuous permafrost at the site. The TCE plume configuration is substantially different than what regional hydrology trends would predict. Using GIS, we conducted a geostatistical analysis of field data collected during soil-boring installations and groundwater monitoring well sampling. With the analysis results, we constructed maps of the permafrost-table elevation (top of permafrost) and of the groundwater gradients and TCE concentrations from multiyear groundwater sampling events. The plume concentrations and groundwater gradients were overlain on the permafrost map to correlate permafrost locations with groundwater movement and the spatial distribution of TCE moving with groundwater. Correlation of the overlay maps revealed converging and diverging groundwater flow in response to the permafrost-table distribution, the absence of groundwater contamination in areas with a high permafrost-table elevation, and channeling of contaminants and water between areas of permafrost. In addition, we measured groundwater elevations in nested wells to quantify vertical gradients affecting TCE migration. At one set of nested wells down gradient from an area of permafrost we measured an upward vertical gradient indicating recharge of groundwater from the subpermafrost region of the aquifer causing dilution of the plume. The study indicates that the variable distribution of the permafrost is affecting the way groundwater and TCE move through the aquifer. Consequently, changes to the permafrost configuration due to thawing would likely affect both groundwater movement and TCE migration, and areas that were contaminant-free may become susceptible to contamination.     

A method for determining volatile organic solvents in chalk pore waters (Southern and Eastern England) and its relevance to the evaluation of groundwater contamination

Conventional methods of sampling groundwater in Chalk aquifers sample the mobile water in the fissures only and not the non-mobile water held in the microporous matrix. However, the microporous matrix can play an important role in modifying groundwater quality by attenuating contaminant migration through diffusion exchange and, in the long term, by acting as a reservoir for contaminant retention.A method for extracting and analysing chalk pore waters for chlorinated solvents has been developed. Chalk pore water-depth profiles at the site of a spillage of tetrachloroethene demonstrated that the immiscible phase of the solvent had migrated to depths of 50 m, producing solvent concentrations in the matrix pore waters of up to 40,000 μg L⁻¹.In addition, the pore water-depth profile indicated that the immiscible phase had ponded upon a less permeable horizon within the Chalk aquifer at shallow depths.     

强化土著微生物处理硝基苯和苯胺污染地下水

以硝基苯、苯胺为主要污染物的污染地下水为研究对象,加入激活剂(乳糖、Na2HPO4、乳糖+Na2HPO4、乙醇、牛肉膏、蛋白胨)激活土著微生物,并考察其对土著微生物生长及硝基苯、苯胺降解效果的影响。加入激活剂3d后测各个水样的脱氢酶活性,对培养9d后的水样进行气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析。结果表明,加入乳糖的水样中,其微生物相对增长率达157.2%,硝基苯、苯胺的相对去除率分别为14.90%和0.79%;加入Na2HPO4和乙醇的水样中,其微生物增长和硝基苯、苯胺降解情况均没有明显变化;加入乳糖+Na2HPO4的水样中,微生物相对增长率达180.3%,硝基苯、苯胺的相对去除率分别为24.20%和1.21%;加入牛肉膏的水样中,微生物的相对增长率为830.7%,硝基苯、苯胺的相对去除率分别为99.99%和99.67%;加入蛋白胨的水样中,其微生物相对增长率为686.0%,硝基苯、苯胺的相对去除率分别为99.33%和58.94%。GC/MS分析结果表明,加入激活剂后对氯苯胺、1-甲基-4-硝基苯等其他有机物的降解率均有提高。由此可见,通过激活土著微生物修复有机物污染地下水是可行的。     

Field study of TCE diffusion profiles below DNAPL to assess aquitard integrity

An area where a free-product accumulation of trichloroethylene (TCE) dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) occurs at the bottom of a 10-m-thick surficial sand aquifer was studied to determine the integrity of the underlying, 20-m-thick, clayey silt aquitard formed of glaciolacustrine sediment. TCE concentration-versus-depth profiles determined from aquitard cores collected at five locations indicated penetration of detectable TCE 2.5 to 3.0 m into the aquitard. Two of the profiles show persistent DNAPL at the aquitard interface, while two others indicate that DNAPL, present initially, was completely dissolved away producing concentration declines at the aquitard interface. The fifth profile suggests shallow DNAPL penetration (<0.5 m) into the aquitard, however, this penetration, which was likely caused by cross-contamination during core collection or cone penetrometry (CPT) of the aquitard interface, did not increase the maximum depth of TCE penetration. Combining the field profiles with one-dimensional model simulations, downward migration of the aqueous TCE front, defined as the EPA MCL of 5 microg/l, which was below the analytical detection limit, was projected to a distance between 4 and 5 m below the top of the aquitard. Using a single set of estimated aquitard parameter values, simulations of aqueous TCE migration into the aquitard provided a good fit to four of the field profiles with a migration time of 35 to 45 years, consistent with the history of TCE use at the site. These simulations indicate aqueous TCE migration is diffusion-dominated with only small advective influence by the downward groundwater velocity of 2 to 3 cm/year or less in the aquitard due to pumping of the underlying aquifer to supply water to the facility in the past 50 years. The applicability of the parameter values was confirmed by in situ diffusion experiments of 1-year duration, in which stainless steel cylinders containing DNAPL were inserted into the aquitard. The diffusion-dominated nature of the profiles indicates that the aquitard provides long-term protection of the underlying aquifer from contamination from this DNAPL zone. Simulations of long-term migration of the TCE solute front indicate breakthrough to the lower aquifer at 1200 years for the no advection scenario and at 500 years if the strong downward hydraulic gradient persists. However, even after breakthrough, the mass flux through the aquitard to the underlying aquifer remains relatively low, and when considered in terms of potential impacts to pumping wells, concentrations are not expected to increase significantly above present-day MCLs. The use of contaminant profiles of different time and distance scales, in addition to hydraulic data, dramatically improves the ability to assess aquitard integrity, and provides improved transport parameter values for estimating contaminant arrival times and fluxes. The apparent lack of deep preferential pathways for TCE migration, such as open fractures, is probably due to the softness of the silty aquitard deposit and minimal physical or chemical weathering of the aquitard provides long-term protection of the underlying aquifer from contamination from this DNAPL zone. Simulations of long-term migration of the TCE solute front indicate breakthrough to the lower aquifer at 1200 years for the no advection scenario and at 500 years if the strong downward hydraulic gradient persists. However, even after the breakthrough, the mass flux through the aquitard to the underlying aquifer remains relatively low, and when considered in terms of potential impacts to pumping wells , concentrations are not expected to increase significantly above present-day MCLs. The use of contaminant profiles of different time and distance scales, in addition to hydraulic data, dramatically improves the ability to assess aquitard integrity, and provides improved transport parameter values for estimating contaminant arrival times and fluxes. The apparent lack of deep preferential pathways for TCE migration, such as open fractures, is probably due to the softness of the silty aquitard deposit and minimal physical or chemical weathering of the aquitard.