吸附法净化低浓度废气实验研究

本文探讨了用活性炭吸附低浓度苯类废气进，空塔气速和气流在吸附层的接触时间对吸附过程的影响，研究了活性炭在已经吸附若干质量的苯类物质以后的吸附。据此绘制了空塔气速一吸附效率和活性炭含苯率一吸附效率等关系曲线，工进行了活性炭再生的研究。研究表明，使用活性炭可以有效地净化低浓度苯类废气。     

活性炭处理甲苯气体吸附再生实验研究

研究了活性炭对甲苯废气的吸附穿透过程及热空气解吸过程.穿透曲线实验结果表明,在常规空塔气速范围内,传质区高度基本在5.06～9.75 cm,传质区不饱和度在0.4～0.7.在动态运行情况下,活性炭对甲苯的饱和吸附容量在0.16～0.24 g/g.热空气吹脱实验表明,适宜的脱附工况条件为脱附温度180 ℃、脱附空气流速0.106 m/s、脱附时间40 min.     

斜孔板吸收塔净化含汞废气的研究

目前国内净化含汞废气的方法有:活性炭充氯吸附法、文丘里复挡分离0.1％过硫酸铵(NH_4S_2O_3)吸收法、文丘里——填料塔喷淋0.4％高锰酸钾法。为了克服活性炭吸附法易堵塞及饱和后的含氯化汞活性炭再生的困难,文丘里喉管部易堵塞且效率不高以及填料塔空塔速度低、填料清洗等困难,针对仪表、电池、灯泡等行业车间作业环境排气含汞浓度低气量大的特点,开展了斜孔板吸收塔高锰酸钾氧化法净化含汞废气的研究。     

活性炭固定床操作参数的优化

研究了操作参数对活性炭固定床处理有机废气的影响。温度升高，吸附容量下降。湿度的存在会减少活性炭对有机物的吸附容量。适当的操作气速为0.1-0.5m/s，在此范围内，气速与压降在对数坐标上呈线性关系。     

生物膜法净化中浓度硫化氢的研究

基于中浓度H2S的生物治理研究较少的现状,利用生物膜法进行了以活性炭为填料净化中浓度H2S适宜条件的研究.考察了温度、营养液喷淋量、空塔气速、H2S初始浓度及pH与H2S净化效率的关系.结果表明,适宜条件为温度30 ℃、营养液喷淋量10 L/h、空塔气速0.16 m3/h、H2S初始质量浓度低于60 mg/m3和pH为2.0.在适宜条件下,生物膜填料塔对H2S的净化效率可达到90%以上.     

吸附浓缩-催化燃烧工艺处理低浓度大风量有机废气

对已运行的有机废气治理工程运行情况的进行分析研究,并对采用吸附浓缩-催化燃烧工艺处理低浓度大风量的有机废气工程中的各项数据进行监测,得出其最佳条件为:吸附时间18 h,空床气速0.8 m/s,吸附容量1.9%;解吸温度100~120℃,解吸时间4 h。该工程实例的监测结果表明,催化燃烧的TVOC去除效率保持在99%以上,同时,该工艺对废气中甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC的总去除率分别能达到98.3%、99.6%和97.7%。     

气液相组合生物法净化低浓度甲醛废气研究

对生物膜填料塔 液相生物处理的组合系统净化低浓度甲醛废气进行实验研究,结果表明,组合系统对甲醛废气的净化效果明显优于单独生物膜填料塔净化系统,甲醛净化效率提高35%以上,甲醛生化去除量增大50%以上.动力学研究结果表明,甲醛在生物膜上的生化降解反应为慢速生化反应,需要采取强化甲醛液相生化降解反应、提高反应速率的措施,来提高废气中甲醛的生物净化效果.     

活性炭吸附-精馏提纯有机废气回收技术在循环经济中的应用

阐述了治理有机废气的重要性，重点介绍了活性炭吸附-精馏提纯有机废气的回收技术，通过案例分析和对比，显示了该技术的优越性，提出在工业行业中，推广应用活性炭吸附-精馏提纯的回收技术，是符合循环经济理念的，不仅能够减少资源消耗，而且可以降低废气的污染物排放，实现有机废气的资源化利用。     

活性炭和沸石分子筛处理非稳定排放VOCs气体的性能比较

通过对活性炭和沸石分子筛的表征和动态吸附/脱附实验,探索2类吸附材料固定床工艺用于非连续、非稳定类型的大风量、低浓度挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放控制的应用前景。结果表明:沸石分子筛孔径分布较为集中,约在0.8 nm,比表面积为393.76 m~2·g~(-1);活性炭孔径分布具有广谱性,微孔集中在1~2 nm之间,比表面积为1 026.71 m~2·g~(-1)。活性炭对二甲苯的平衡吸附量总体高于沸石分子筛,其平衡吸附容量随气相平衡浓度和温度的波动要大于沸石分子筛。动态吸附穿透实验结果显示沸石分子筛单位传质区长度的平均传质速率是活性炭的约1.42~1.66倍。相同吸附和脱附温度条件下,活性炭的工作容量要大于沸石分子筛。沸石分子筛在210℃时基本脱附彻底,且可得到48倍以上的浓缩脱附气体。50次的吸附、脱附重复实验对沸石分子筛的性能影响不大。沸石分子筛作为吸附材料脱附单位质量的二甲苯所需能耗是活性炭的2.9~4.2倍。活性炭和沸石分子筛可采用不同的工艺方式应用于低浓度、大风量、非稳定排放的VOCs气体的净化。     

活性炭吸附和脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气的研究

根据滑动弧放电等离子体适于降解高浓度有机物废气的特性,结合活性炭吸附法,提出了吸附器的吸附浓缩和热脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气的方法。在活性炭吸附过程中,最初2 h内甲苯净化率达到100%,随着时间的增加净化率下降;在热脱附滑动弧放电等离子体净化过程中,甲苯降解效率最高为97.3%。将滑动弧放电等离子体反应器出口气相产物收集进行FT-IR检测,发现放电后有CO2、CO、H2O和NO2产生,并分析了甲苯的降解机理。     

Removal characteristics of trace compounds of landfill gas by activated carbon adsorption

The removal characteristics of trace compounds and moisture in raw landfill gas (LFG) were studied. The LFG from the extraction well was saturated with water and moisture was eliminated by physical methods including cyclone-type dehydrator and compressor. The moisture removal efficiency of dehydrator and compressor was above 80%. As the moisture contents of LFG decreased, the toxic compounds like aromatics and chlorinated compounds were effectively removed by using the granular activated carbon. The breakthrough time and adsorption capacity of benzene, toluene, and ethyl benzene decreased rapidly when the relative humidity is over 60%. The effect of moisture was more pronounced at lower adsorbate concentrations tested than at higher concentrations. The breakthrough curves for multi-component mixtures show displacement effects. In the course of competing adsorption, adsorbates with strong interaction force to displace weakly bounded substances. Adsorption by activated carbon is in descending order of xylene, ethylbenzene, toluene, tri or tetrachloroethylene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in LFG, respectively.     

污泥含炭吸附剂对挥发性有机废气吸附实验研究

研究了污泥含炭吸附剂对挥发性有机污染物的吸附特性。结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对苯系物的吸附为典型的物理吸附,其吸附甲苯等温线的类型系优惠型吸附等温线,表明具有良好的吸附能力;在吸附反应温度为20℃,气体流量为500 mL/m in(停留时间为0.424 s),甲苯浓度为2 700 mg/m3时,甲苯的饱和吸附容量为150.0 mg/g;同时,研究表明污泥含炭吸附剂对苯系物的饱和吸附容量和吸附强弱次序为二甲苯甲苯苯。结果表明污泥含炭吸附剂适合对中低浓度有机废气的吸附净化。     

顶空气相色谱测试水中苯系混合物在不同材料上的吸附行为

设计了正交实验对5种材料吸附模拟废水中苯系混合物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的条件进行优化,CD02硅藻土与X型纳米分子筛以2∶1(质量比)进行复合后,对苯系混合物去除效果最好.采用顶空气相色谱法测定8种不同材料对水中苯系混合物的去除情况,结果表明复合材料对苯系混合物具有良好的去除效果,仅次于活性炭.复合材料在pH为7、搅拌时间为25 min、用量为1.8g/L时,对苯系混合物质量浓度为4.0 mg/L模拟废水的平均去除率为87.56％.经过4次再生后,复合材料的再生率仍高达84.90％,对苯系混合物的平均去除率为91.49％.     

活性炭纤维吸附-催化燃烧装置处理有机废气

介绍一种处理有机废气的吸附－催化燃烧新型装置，以活性炭纤维为吸附剂，结合多单元分流组合式中附床，采用PLC电脑来实现整个系统的连续运行。实验运行结果表明，对于处理大风量，低浓度的有机废气，该技术与其他技术相比具有净化效率高，节能降耗，自动化水平高等优点。     

Characterization of emissions from diffusion flare systems

Emissions from flares typical of those found at oil-field battery sites in Alberta, Canada, were investigated to determine the degree to which the flared gases were burned and to characterize the products of combustion in the emissions. The study consisted of laboratory, pilot-scale, and field-scale investigations. Combustion of all hydrocarbon fuels in both laboratory and pilot-scale tests produced a complex variety of hydrocarbon products within the flame, primarily by pyrolytic reactions. Acetylene, ethylene, benzene, styrene, ethynyl benzene, and naphthalene were some of the major constituents produced by conversion of more than 10% of the methane within the flames. The majority of the hydrocarbons produced within the flames of pure gas fuels were effectively destroyed in the outer combustion zone, resulting in combustion efficiencies greater than 98% as measured in the emissions. The addition of liquid hydrocarbon fuels or condensates to pure gas streams had the largest effect on impairing the ability of the resulting flame to destroy the pyrolytically produced hydrocarbons, as well as the original hydrocarbon fuels directed to the flare. Crosswinds were also found to reduce the combustion efficiency (CE) of the co-flowing gas/condensate flames by causing more unburned fuel and the pyrolytically produced hydrocarbons to escape into the emissions. Flaring of solution gas at oil-field battery sites was found to burn with an efficiency of 62-82%, depending on either how much fuel was directed to flare or how much liquid hydrocarbon was in the knockout drum. Benzene, styrene, ethynyl benzene, ethynyl-methyl benzenes, toluene, xylenes, acenaphthalene, biphenyl, and fluorene were, in most cases, the most abundant compounds found in any of the emissions examined in the field flare testing. The emissions from sour solution gas flaring also contained reduced sulfur compounds and thiophenes.     

电吸附法去除水中刚果红的研究

以一种典型的联苯胺类直接偶氮染料刚果红为模型物,利用自制活性炭电极,研究各种因素(扫描电压、溶液初始浓度、电解质浓度、pH、电极活性炭用量等)对电吸附效果的影响.结果表明,在-1.0～1.0V的扫描电压下,刚果红没有氧化还原反应发生,电吸附是一稳定而又可逆的过程；扫描电压负极化使刚果红的吸附率降低,而正极化能明显提高吸附率,在0.9V扫描电压下的吸附率比开路(扫描电压为零)时提高了18.6百分点;刚果红溶液的初始浓度越高,吸附平衡时的吸附容量越高,但吸附率反而降低,刚果红溶液的初始质量浓度为40 mg/l时的吸附容量是10 mg/L时的4.87倍,而吸附率降低了21.4％；随着电解质Na2SO4的加入,加快了刚果红在溶液中的运动速率,但刚果红的最终去除率有所降低,并且在一定范围内Na2SO4加入的越多,刚果红的最终吸附效果越差；pH为7(未调节)时,活性炭电极对刚果红的吸附率最高,pH为2、11时,吸附率均有所降低;随着电极活性炭用量的增加,刚果红的吸附容量逐渐降低,吸附率则逐渐提高,达到吸附平衡所需时间相应也延长.     

烧结纤维承载活性炭复合材料在苯蒸气脱除中的应用

以8μm的镍纤维和煤基活性炭为原材料,通过抄制和烧结工艺制备了烧结纤维承载活性炭粉末复合材料。为了减轻床层总重量,将这种材料和通常的颗粒状活性炭进行联合装填形成复合层,并进行了苯蒸气的吸附穿透实验。利用Wheeler方程对床层的饱和吸附容量和吸附速率常数进行了测定。结果表明,在相同的测试条件下,联合装填层比单独的颗粒炭装填层具有更好的苯蒸气脱除性能;对两种床层而言,其各自的饱和吸附容量是一个不随比速而变化的常数,而随着气流比速的增加,两种床层的吸附速度都呈增加的趋势。     

散堆填料对海水脱硫吸收系统性能影响的实验研究

在海水烟气脱硫中试实验台上进行了填料形式、填料高度变化对脱硫效率和系统压降影响规律的实验研究;研究中将喷淋空塔和分别填装A型、B型、C型3种填料的吸收塔进行了综合性能对比,并进行了填料高度分别为0.6、1.2和1.8 m的对比实验。结果表明,填料塔的脱硫效率高于喷淋空塔;当空塔气速为3 m/s时,填装C型填料的吸收塔的综合性能最优;当空塔气速小于2.5 m/s时,填装A型填料的吸收塔的综合性能最优;在满足相同脱硫效率的指标下,虽然增加填料高度降低了海水喷淋量,并且系统压降出现一定比例下降,但是在工程设计中必须综合考虑塔高、填料支架载荷等因素选择合适的填料堆积高度。     

Adsorption of mercury by activated carbon prepared from dried sewage sludge in simulated flue gas

Conversion of sewage sludge to activated carbon is attractive as an alternative method to ocean dumping for the disposal of sewage sludge. Injection of activated carbon upstream of particulate matter control devices has been suggested as a method to remove elemental mercury from flue gas. Activated carbon was prepared using various activation temperatures and times and was tested for their mercury adsorption efficiency using lab-scale systems. To understand the effect of the physical property of the activated carbon, its mercury adsorption efficiency was investigated as a function of its Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. Two simulated flue gas conditions, (1) without hydrogen chloride (HCl) and (2) with 20 ppm HCl, were used to investigate the effect of flue gas composition on the mercury adsorption capacity of activated carbon. Despite very low BET surface area of the prepared sewage sludge activated carbons, their mercury adsorption efficiencies were comparable under both simulated flue gas conditions to those of pinewood and coal activated carbons. After injecting HCl into the simulated flue gas, all sewage sludge activated carbons demonstrated high adsorption efficiencies, that is, more than 87%, regardless of their BET surface area.

Implications: We tested activated carbons prepared from dried sewage sludge to investigate the effect of their physical properties on their mercury adsorption efficiency. Using two simulated flue gas conditions, we conducted mercury speciation for the outlet gas. We found that the sewage sludge activated carbon had mercury adsorption efficiency comparable to pinewood and coal activated carbons, and the presence of HCl minimized the effect of physical property of the activated carbon on its mercury adsorption efficiency.     

Characterization of Emissions from Diffusion Flare Systems

ABSTRACT

Emissions from flares typical of those found at oil-field battery sites in Alberta, Canada, were investigated to determine the degree to which the flared gases were burned and to characterize the products of combustion in the emissions. The study consisted of laboratory, pilot-scale, and field-scale investigations. Combustion of all hydrocarbon fuels in both laboratory and pilot-scale tests produced a complex variety of hydrocarbon products within the flame, primarily by pyrolytic reactions. Acetylene, eth-ylene, benzene, styrene, ethynyl benzene, and naphthalene were some of the major constituents produced by conversion of more than 10% of the methane within the flames. The majority of the hydrocarbons produced within the flames of pure gas fuels were effectively destroyed in the outer combustion zone, resulting in combustion efficiencies greater than 98% as measured in the emissions.

The addition of liquid hydrocarbon fuels or condensates to pure gas streams had the largest effect on impairing the ability of the resulting flame to destroy the pyrolytically produced hydrocarbons, as well as the original hydrocarbon fuels directed to the flare. Crosswinds were also found to reduce the combustion efficiency (CE) of the co-flowing gas/condensate flames by causing more unburned fuel and the pyrolytically produced hydrocarbons to escape into the emissions.

Flaring of solution gas at oil-field battery sites was found to burn with an efficiency of 62-82%, depending on either how much fuel was directed to flare or how much liquid hydrocarbon was in the knockout drum. Benzene, styrene, ethynyl benzene, ethynyl-methyl benzenes, toluene, xylenes, acenaphthalene, biphenyl, and fluorene were, in most cases, the most abundant compounds found in any of the emissions examined in the field flare testing. The emissions from sour solution gas flaring also contained reduced sulfur compounds and thiophenes.