Fe^2＋—H2O2氧化法处理氨基J酸工业废水的研究

用Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化法处理氨基Ｊ酸工业废水。结果表明,当溶液ｐＨ＝１－３,Ｈ２Ｏ２和Ｆｅ＾２＋用量分别为Ｈ２Ｏ２：Ｆｅ＾２＋１０：１,Ｈ２Ｏ２：ＣＯＤＣｒ＝２ｇ：ｇ时,Ｊ酸废水的ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率达６６．７％,氨基去除率达６８．４％。处理后的废水ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤＣｒ＝０．５,已达到生化处理的要求。该法可作为氨基Ｊ酸废水的预处理方法。     

电化学法去除SO2／NOx的研究进展

本文对采用电化学方法去除ＳＯ２／ＮＯｘ废气这一新的研究方法进行了综述,在用酞花青钴（ＣｏＰｃ）修饰的碳气体扩散电极上,ＳＯ２在空气中的体积百分数在２０％以下时可以完全被氧化为硫酸,以连二硫酸盐（Ｓ２Ｏ４＾２－４）作还原剂,Ｆｅ＾２＋－ＥＤＴＡ作络合剂时,ＮＯ可以９０％以上的程度还原为ＮＨ＾＋４与ＮＨ２（ＳＯ３Ｈ）等低价含氮化合物,产物中未见Ｎ２、Ｎ２Ｏ与ＮＯ２等气体,氧化产物ＳＯ＾２－３（或ＨＳＯ     

无机盐对SO2—H2O—CaCO3气液固三相反应系统pH值的影响

研究了硫酸钠、硝酸钠和氯化钠及相应钙盐对石灰石浆液烟气脱硫条件下ＳＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ－ＣａＣＯ３气、液、固三相反应系统中ｐＨ值的影响。发现硫酸钠能明显提高系统的ｐＨ值，硝酸钠和氯化钠使ｐＨ值提高的幅度不大，而３种钙盐均使ｐＨ值降低。根据膜模型的分析结果，认为无机盐影响该反应系统ｐＨ值的主要原因是无机盐的加入改变了石灰石表面的ｐＨ值。     

汽车排气净化催化剂的研究

研究了ＣｕＯ／ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂对正已烷的氧化活性及ＣｕＯ负载量对活性的影响；通过ＣＯ－流动法技术考察了在ＣｕＯ／ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３上添加稀土ＣｅＯ２在贫氧和富氧条件下对ＣＯ的氧化活性。结果表明稀土ＣｅＯ２的添加提高了催化剂在贫氧条件下的氧化活性；该催化剂台架试验结果亦表明，催化剂具有较好的一氧化碳（ＣＯ）和烃类（ＨＣ）的氧化能力。     

H2O2—Fe^2＋／TiO2—H2SO4处理废有机溶剂的研究

放射性废有机溶剂是核设施产生的中低放废液，研究了废有机溶剂（ＴＢＰ／ＯＫ）在Ｈ２Ｏ２－Ｆｅ＾２＋／ＴｉＯ２体系中的氧化分解行为，分析了Ｈ２Ｏ２、催化剂（Ｆｅ＾２＋／ＴｉＯ２）、温度、ｐＨ值等因素对反应进程和效果的影响，还对主控因素进行四因素三水平的正交实验，最终确定了废有机溶剂氧化分解的适宜工艺条件。在此基础上进行的“热实验”表明，废有机溶剂氧化分解后其所携放射性核素主要富集在分解残液中，基本没有     

汽车尾气中NOx再燃烧过程的动力学

为了阐明汽车尾气中ＮＯｘ再燃烧的动力学进程,以甲醛和ＮＯ２作为探针分子,通过ＦＴ－ＩＲ跟踪研究了反应体系不听民 ＨＣＯ自由基与ＮＯ２反应的动力学。结果表明,反应的主要产物中包括ＣＯ、ＣＯ２、ＮＯ、ＨＯＮＯ和Ｈ２Ｏ等分子,经长时间的反应,当体系中的ＮＯ２基本耗尽时,才有少量的Ｎ２Ｏ生成,这些产物分子分别是在几个不同的途径的连串反应在形成的。从体系中ＣＯ和ＣＯ２的生成量,测定了主反应的歧化反应速率比,     

共存离子对硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）处理含铬废水的影响研究

报道了用硫酸盐还原菌（ＳＲＢ）处理含铬（ＶＩ）废水时，共存离子Ｓｒ＾２＋，Ｃｄ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋，ＵＯ＾２＋２，Ａｇ＾＋和Ｃｌ＾－，ＳＯ２－４，ＣＯ＾２－３，ＳｉＦ＾２－６，ＥＤＴＡ柠檬酸根等存在的时的影响，在铬（ＶＩ）为５０μｇ／ｍＬ，菌量一定的条件下，铬的去除率可达８５％以上，共存离子与铬（ＶＩ）的摩尔比为４时影响较为显著，Ｃｄ＾２＋和Ａｇ＾＋使铬的去除量降低，ＵＯ＾２＋２，Ｓｒ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾     

2,2-二氯乙烯基二甲基磷酸酯在TiO2/H2O界面上光催化降解

实验研究了２,２－二氯乙烯基二甲基磷酸酯在ＴｉＯ２／Ｈ２Ｏ界面上光催化降解的最适空气通入量,初始ＰＨ值, 不同浓度的调变性助催经剂Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ａｇ＾＋在供Ｏ２条件下对ＴｉＯ２光催化降解有机磷速率的影响。     

味精废水处理方法

由于味精废水ＣＯＤ、Ｃｌ＾－／ＳＯ４＾２－和ＮＨ３含量高，ｐＨ值和温度较低，使味精废水处理难度较大。文中介绍了利用味精废水提取酵母蛋白及厌氧生物处理、厌氧－好氧生物处理等味精废水的处理方法，厌氧生物处理效果有限，只有后续好氧生物处理才能使味精废水水质达到排放标准。     

高浓度脱浆污水的湿式氧化法处理研究

介绍了采用湿式空气氧化法（ＷＡＯ）对来自香港两个纺织工厂的脱浆污水进行处理的效果。所用装置为１台２Ｌ的高温高压釜。操作工况为：温度１５０￣２９０℃，氧分压０．３７５￣２．２５ＭＰａ。在每个试验的不同过程中监测了ｐＨ值、ＣＯＤ、ＴＯＣ的变化，以评估各个过程的转化效果。还研究了温度、氧分压及反应时间对处理效果的影响。对生化性很差的化学纤维脱浆污水，其ＣＯＤ、ＴＯＣ去除率分别达到９０％和８０％。     

湿式催化氧化技术处理高浓度工业废水研究

采用日本大阪煤气公司先进的湿式催化氧化技术及其 2 0 0 L/ d小型工业试验装置对高浓度焦化废水、造纸黑液 (原水CODCr分别为 1180 0和 5 0 0 0 0 mg/ L )进行处理试验 ,结果 CODCr去除速率分别达到 5 40 mg/ ( L· min)和 2 412 mg/ ( L· m in)。应用国产化湿式催化氧化技术和 2 0 m3/ d工业装置对同样两种高浓度工业废水进行处理 ,结果 CODCr和 NH3-N的去除率均达 99%以上 ,并使废水经处理后连续稳定地达标排放 ,具有较好的经济效益     

高浓度难降解乳化废水湿式氧化动力学

以高浓度难降解乳化废水为处理对象，在2L高压间歇反应釜中，研究了温度对湿式氧化的影响和动力学特征。结果表明，升高温度不但促使反应向直接氧化成终产物方向偏移，也使中间产物加速氧化，使CODcr和TOC去除率显著提高，220℃时可分别达86．4％和79．5％；通用动力学模型能较好预测湿式氧化过程，并得到基于CODcr的表观活化能：有机物直接氧化成终产物为6．19kJ／mol；中间产物氧化成终产物为24．47kJ／mol。     

超临界水氧化法处理除草剂生产废水及热能的研究

利用 2 .2 L +1.7L超临界水氧化反应器对除草剂生产废水进行了处理实验。结果表明 :在温度 >60 0℃、压力 >3 2MPa,氧化反应时间为 180 s时 ,其 COD去除率达 98.1% ;氧化反应时间为 3 0 0 s时 ,其 COD去除率达 99.8%。处理后的排水达到国家规定的标准。同时利用氧弹法对该废水热值进行了测试 ,利用热平衡方程式对该试验装置的热效率进行了分析     

Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance: Part I—Ozone

This study examines ozone (O₃) predictions from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5 and discusses potential factors influencing the model results. Daily maximum 8-h average O₃ levels are largely underpredicted when observed O₃ levels are above 85 ppb and overpredicted when they are below 35 ppb. Using a clustering approach, model performance was examined separately for several different synoptic regimes. Under the most common synoptic conditions of a typical summertime Bermuda High setup, the model showed good overall performance for O₃, while associations have been identified here between other, less frequent, synoptic regimes and the O₃ overprediction and underprediction biases. A sensitivity test between the CB-IV and CB05 chemical mechanisms showed that predictions of daily maximum 8-h average O₃ using CB05 were on average 7.3% higher than those using CB-IV. Boundary condition (BC) sensitivity tests show that the overprediction biases at low O₃ levels are more sensitive to the BC O₃ levels near the surface than BC concentrations aloft. These sensitivity tests also show the model performance for O₃ improved when using the global GEOS-CHEM BCs instead of default profiles. Simulations using the newest version of the CMAQ model (v4.6) showed a small improvement in O₃ predictions, particularly when vertical layers were not collapsed. Collectively, the results suggest that key synoptic weather patterns play a leading role in the prediction biases, and more detailed study of these episodes are needed to identify further modeling improvements.     

The effect of improved nowcasting of precipitation on air quality modeling

The predictive potential of air quality models and thus their value in emergency management and public health support are critically dependent on the quality of their meteorological inputs. The atmospheric flow is the primary cause of the dispersion of airborne substances. The scavenging of pollutants by cloud particles and precipitation is an important sink of atmospheric pollution and subsequently determines the spatial distribution of the deposition of pollutants. The long-standing problem of the spin-up of clouds and precipitation in numerical weather prediction models limits the accuracy of the prediction of short-range dispersion and deposition from local sources. The resulting errors in the atmospheric concentration of pollutants also affect the initial conditions for the calculation of the long-range transport of these pollutants. Customary the spin-up problem is avoided by only using NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) forecasts with a lead time greater than the spin-up time of the model. Due to the increase of uncertainty with forecast range this reduces the quality of the associated forecasts of the atmospheric flow.In this article recent improvements through diabatic initialization in the spin-up of large-scale precipitation in the Hirlam NWP model are discussed. In a synthetic example using a puff dispersion model the effect is demonstrated of these improvements on the deposition and dispersion of pollutants with a high scavenging coefficient, such as sulphur, and a low scavenging coefficient, such as cesium-137. The analysis presented in this article leads to the conclusion that, at least for situations where large-scale precipitation dominates, the improved model has a limited spin-up so that its full forecast range can be used. The implication for dispersion modeling is that the improved model is particularly useful for short-range forecasts and the calculation of local deposition. The sensitivity of the hydrological processes to proper initialization implies that the spin-up problem may reoccur with changes in the model and increased model resolution. Spin-up should be an ongoing concern for atmospheric modelers.     

Relationship between atmospheric pollution processes and synoptic pressure patterns in northern China

The air pollution index (API) sequences in 10 cities in northern China and the synoptic pressure patterns during autumn and winter from 2002 to 2006 were analyzed with diagnostic and statistical methods. The results showed that the air qualities in northern China had a prominent correlation with the pressure systems. It revealed that (a) the increasing phase of API was associated with high pressure and the successive low pressure, (b) the preceding part of front (i.e. the retral part of low pressure) was associated with the maximum of API values during a cycle of air pollution process, (c) the pressure systems with high gradient led to the decrease of API, and (d) the synoptic pressure patterns and their evolvements were the main causes of regional air pollution processes. These relations can be used to analyze the variation characteristics and mechanism of regional atmosphere pollution process, and provide important basis for the qualitative prediction, control, and management of regional air pollution problems.     

Treatment of dynamic mixture of hexane and benzene vapors in a Trickle Bed Air Biofilter integrated with cyclic adsorption/desorption beds

One of the main challenges that face successful biofiltration is the erratic loading pattern and long starvation periods. However, such patterns are common in practical applications. In order to provide long-term stable operation of a biofilter under these conditions, a cyclic adsorption/desorption beds system with flow switching was installed prior to a biofilter. Different square waves of a mixture containing n-hexane and benzene at a 2:1 ratio were applied to the cyclic adsorption/desorption beds and then fed to a biofilter. The performance of this integrated system was compared to a biofilter unit receiving the same feed of both VOCs. The cyclic adsorption/desorption beds unit successfully achieved its goal of stabilizing erratic loading even with very sharp peaks at the influent concentration equalizing influent concentrations ranging from 10-470 ppmv for n-hexane to 30-1410 ppmv for benzene. The study included different peak concentrations with durations ranging from 6 to 20 min. The cyclic beds buffered the fluctuating influent load and the followed biofilter had all the time a continuous stable flow. Another advantage achieved by the cyclic adsorption/desorption beds was the uninterrupted feed to the biofilter even during the starvation where there was no influent in the feed. The results of the integrated system with regard to removal efficiency and kinetics are comparable to published results with continuous feed studies at the same loading rates. The removal efficiency for benzene had a minimum of 85% while for n-hexane ranged from 50% to 77% according to the loading rate. The control unit showed very erratic performance highlighting the benefit of the utilization of the cyclic adsorption/desorption beds. The biofilter was more adaptable to concentration changes in benzene than n-hexane.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对亚铁离子的氧化及其动力学研究

采用9K培养基研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe^2＋过程中,pH和氧化还原电位的变化规律,并对Fe^2＋的氧化过程进行动力学分析,确定了其反应级数及反应速率常数。结果表明,（1）在温度为30℃,摇床转速为150r／min的条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的最佳接种量为10．0％;（2）Fe^2＋初始质量浓度在11．39～21．72g／L时,随着浓度的增大,Fe^2＋达到100％转化率需要的时间增加;（3）氧化亚铁硫杆菌对Fe^2＋的氧化可近似看作一级反应,反应速率常数为0．0527～0．0788h。     

Air distribution in the Borden aquifer during in situ air sparging

A field experiment was conducted at Canadian Forces Base Borden (CFB Borden) to assess the air distribution from a single in situ air sparging injection point. This aquifer consists of fine to medium sand deposited in horizontal layers. The permeability at the study location varied from 10(-10) to 10(-14) m2 and distinct low permeability horizons were present at approximately 1.2, 2.0, and 2.9 m below the water table. Prior to air injection, a 15x15-m portion of the vadose zone was excavated to the water table (approximately 1 m below ground surface) in order to visually observe air release distribution at the water table. The water table was actively maintained 5 cm above the excavated surface. The sparging system operated for a period of 7 days with an injection flow rate of 200 m3/days (5 scfm). The resulting subsurface air distribution was assessed using a variety of techniques including neutron logging, borehole and surface ground penetrating radar, piezometric head measurements, surface visualization, and hydraulic testing. Through this combination of tests, it was demonstrated that variations in permeability and, hence, capillary pressure at the site were sufficient to cause the injected air to spread laterally, forming stratigraphically trapped air pockets beneath the low permeability horizons. The formation of these air pockets eventually resulted in a buildup of capillary pressure that exceeded the air entry pressure and allowed some air to migrate up through the lower permeability layers. Each of the assessment techniques employed generated information at different spatial scales that prevented a direct comparison of the results from the various techniques; however, the results from all techniques proved to be critical in the interpretation of the experimental data. As a consequence, the different assessment techniques should not be viewed as alternatives, but rather as complimentary techniques.     

磁强化次氯酸钠氧化法处理邻硝基苯酚废水的实验研究

利用磁强化次氯酸钠氧化法对邻硝基苯酚废水进行了处理实验研究。结果表明,对于质量浓度为250mg／L、CODCr为2000mg／L、色度为150倍的100mL邻硝基苯酚废水,当次氯酸钠（2．5％）用量8mL、颗粒活性炭用量200mg、溶液pH为6．0、反应时间5min时,邻硝基苯酚的去除率达94．4％,CODCr的去除率达94．2％,色度的去除率达100％。采用外加磁场,当磁场强度为60mT时,邻硝基苯酚和CODCr达到相同的去除率,反应时间缩短了3min,显著提高了反应效率。同时对磁强化氧化法的机理进行了理论上的分析。