China’s industrial gray water footprint assessment and implications for investment in industrial wastewater treatment

Industrial wastewater is the largest contributor of toxic pollutants and third-largest contributor of nutrients to bodies of water in China, and understanding the characteristics of such pollution is important for water pollution control. In this study, the industrial gray water footprint (GWF) of each industry sector in China’s 31 provinces in 2015 was calculated to identify the pollution characteristics of industrial wastewater discharge and determine how to efficiently allocate investment to pollution reduction. We show that the total industrial GWF of China was 300 billion m³ in 2015 and that the major pollutants were petroleum pollutant (PP), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), volatile phenol (VP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The water pollution level (WPL) was higher than 1 in Ningxia, Shanxi, Hebei, Tianjin, Shanghai, Henan, and Shandong, indicating that industrial pollution exceeded the carrying capacity of local water bodies in these seven regions. Given equivalent total investment, a scenario that takes the total reduction of the industrial GWF weighted by the WPL in each region as the investment target can better allocate funds to control industrial wastewater pollution in regions with high WPLs relative to a scenario in which investment targets the reduction of the unweighted total industrial GWF. For further industrial GWF reduction in regions with high WPLs, it is crucial to adjust the industrial structure and to upgrade relevant technologies.

     

Applying Kohonen self-organizing map as a software sensor to predict biochemical oxygen demand.

The 5 days at 20 degrees C biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is an important parameter for monitoring organic pollution in water and assessing the biotreatability of wastewater. Moreover, BOD5 is used for wastewater treatment plant discharge consents and other water pollution control purposes. However, the traditional bioassay method for estimating the BOD5 involves the incubation of sample water for 5 days. It follows that BOD5 is not available for real-time decisionmaking and process control purposes. On the other hand, previous efforts to solve this problem by developing more rapid biosensors had limited success. This paper reports on the development of Kohonen self-organizing map (KSOM)-based software sensors for the rapid prediction of BOD5. The findings indicate that the KSOM-based BOD5 estimates were in good agreement with those measured using the conventional bioassay method. This offers significant potential for more timely intervention and cost savings during problem diagnosis in water and wastewater treatment processes.     

Groundwater quality assessment and pollution source apportionment in an intensely exploited region of northern China

Deterioration in groundwater quality has attracted wide social interest in China. In this study, groundwater quality was monitored during December 2014 at 115 sites in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan region of northern China. Results showed that 21.7% of NO₃ ^? and 51.3% of total hardness samples exceeded grade III of the national quality standards for Chinese groundwater. In addition, results of gray relationship analysis (GRA) show that 64.3, 10.4, 21.7, and 3.6% of samples were within the I, II, IV, and V grades of groundwater in the Hutuo River region, respectively. The poor water quality in the study region is due to intense anthropogenic activities as well as aquifer vulnerability to contamination. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three major factors: (1) domestic wastewater and agricultural runoff pollution (anthropogenic activities), (2) water-rock interactions (natural processes), and (3) industrial wastewater pollution (anthropogenic activities). Using PCA and absolute principal component scores-multivariate linear regression (APCS-MLR), results show that domestic wastewater and agricultural runoff are the main sources of groundwater pollution in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan area. Thus, the most appropriate methods to prevent groundwater quality degradation are to improve capacities for wastewater treatment and to optimize fertilization strategies.     

水生生态系统在污水处理中的应用

利用水生生态系统治理水体污染是污水处理领域的研究热点之一.综述了水生生态系统在处理污水中的应用现状,分析了影响处理效果的主要因素,并探讨了水生生态系统处理废水的运行机理,展望了水生生态系统的发展前景.     

水生生态系统在污水处理中的应用

利用水生生态系统治理水体污染是污水处理领域的研究热点之一.综述了水生生态系统在处理污水中的应用现状,分析了影响处理效果的主要因素,并探讨了水生生态系统处理废水的运行机理,展望了水生生态系统的发展前景.     

China’s wastewater discharge standards in urbanization

Background and purpose

China's environmental problems and pollution control have global implications. China??s water pollution has been increasing with its urbanization and industrialization. Although great efforts have been taken to keep its wastewater discharge standards in pace with the water pollution development and technological advances, many challenges remain. A summary of the past achievements and lessons as well as the current problems in water pollution may provide a basis for future improvements in China and a reference for other countries.

Methods

Statistical data are summarized to reveal the evolution of China??s population, wastewater discharge and corresponding discharge standards over the past four decades. In particular, the specific control indexes and number of controlled items are discussed in details. The present water pollution situation is clearly illustrated by the water pollution map and the water quality distribution diagram. A comparison between China??s present wastewater discharge standards and those in the USA and the EU are also presented to find the possibilities for future improvement.

Results

The historical origins, major challenges and future perspectives of China??s wastewater discharge standards are overviewed. The barriers and ongoing efforts for standards formulation and implementation are highlighted. Some suggestions for future endeavors are given.

Conclusions

China??s wastewater discharge standard system has seen significant improvement over the past decades, but it still has many defects and limitations. Nonetheless, unprecedented great efforts are underway to address all these challenges. More stringent standards and subsequently a cleaner water environment in China can be expected in the near future.     

沭阳县水环境安全管理与污染防治对策探讨

在简要介绍沭阳县水环境概况后,着重分析了该县的水污染现状和主要的水环境问题,并针对性地提出了一些水环境安全管理和污染防治的建议,建立淮河流域水环境安全协调机制和沭阳水环境保护机制,完善水质监测,加强工业、农业和生活污染的防治,建立清污分流系统,并加强宣传教育等项工作.     

新沂河污水净化生态工程研究

苏北水环境综合整治方案提出了“清污两制、控源导流”的水污染控制战略。以这一战略为指导,实施江苏省水污染集中控制两线工程。对北线工程新沂河污水生态工程的背景、工程方案与设计、污水系统水质模拟进行了详尽论述。     

Use of naturally growing aquatic plants for wastewater purification.

This paper examines potential uses of naturally growing aquatic plants for wastewater purification. These plants enhance the removal of pollutants by consuming part of them in the form of plant nutrients. This applies to urban and agricultural wastewater, in particular, where treatment units of different sizes can be applied at the pollution source. The effectiveness of wastewater purification by different plants was tested on laboratory and pilot scales. The growth rate of the plants was related to the wastewater content in the water. Batch and semicontinuous experiments verified that the plants are capable of decreasing all tested indicators for water quality to levels that permit the use of the purified water for irrigation. This applies to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids. pH, and turbidity. In specific cases, the turbidity reached the level of drinking water. Comparison of BOD concentrations with typical levels in water treatment facilities across the country indicates the effectiveness of water purification with plants. A major effect of treatment with plants was elimination of the disturbing smell from the wastewater. It is shown that mixtures of wastewater and polluted water from the Kishon River are amenable in varying degrees to treatment by the plants. The higher the wastewater content in the mixture, the more effective the treatment by the plants. In this context, a scheme for rehabilitation and restoration of the Kishon River is presented and technical and economical aspects of the purification technology are considered.     

中国主要湖泊营养氮沉降临界负荷的研究

水体营养氮沉降临界负荷是不致使水体产生富营养化的最高氮沉降量。文中探讨了一种依据湖泊氮质量平衡原理计算营养氮沉降临界负荷的方法。用该方法计算表明 ,我国主要湖泊的营养氮沉降临界负荷比较低 ,大部分小于 1keq· hm- 1 · a- 1 ,部分已为目前的氮沉降量或者两者相当接近 ,意味着只接受氮沉降也能导致这些湖泊产生富营养化。但实际统计结果表明 ,氮沉降在导致受工农业生产和生活影响很大的城市和郊区湖泊的水质富营养化的所有氮污染源中所占比例较低 ,而其它来源的氮输入如河道入湖、工业生活废水和农田径流等才是导致富营养化的最主要因素 ,它们的量已远远超过了这些水体可随最高允许氮负荷。因此 ,对控制这些湖泊的水质富营养化而言 ,控制氮沉降并不是目前最紧迫的任务 ,而其它人为污染源的控制才是最急需的。但氮沉降临界负荷在湖泊富营养化的中长远控制中仍具有十分重要的意义。     

上海市城区径流污染及控制对策

随着城市点源污染控制程度的提高,雨水径流引起的面源污染日益突出.非渗透性地表径流污染成为城市水体污染的主要来源.对上海市城区非渗透性地表径流进行了为期3年的采样调查,监测了COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP和TN等污染物指标,并估算了单位面积径流年污染负荷.结合上海市实际情况,提出了城区径流污染控制的综合策略.     

Simulation of transboundary pollutant transport action in the Pearl River delta

The rapid economic development in The Pearl River delta region (PRDR) has exerted serious potential pollution threats to areas in the vicinity, which have complicated the task of environmental protection in Hong Kong and Macau. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical pollutant transport model coupled with a synchronised numerical hydrodynamic model, is developed and employed to simulate the unsteady transport of a representative water quality variable chemical oxygen demand in The Pearl River Estuary. It is demonstrated that there exists a transboundary pollutant transport action between Guangdong Province and Hong Kong for the pollutants in the wastewater discharged from PRDR.     

一体式悬浮载体生物流化床啤酒废水处理研究

中小型点源污染的控制是提高水环境质量和解决水资源短缺的关键。一体式悬浮载体生物流化床(ISCBFB)占地面积小、处理效率高,适合中小型点源污水的处理。以公牛啤酒厂废水为试验原水进行了研究,试验期间进水COD平均浓度1 213.38 mg/L,出水平均为50.75 mg/L,平均去除率达到95.82%。进水氨氮平均浓度为22.50 mg/L,出水平均为4.31 mg/L,平均去除率达到80.99%,试验中全部出水水样COD及氨氮浓度均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1988)一级标准。总之,一体式悬浮载体生物流化床对啤酒废水具有很好的去除效果。     

水科技发展及在人类社会发展中的作用

本文从给水及水污染防治科学与技术两方面对水科技的发展及其在人类社会发展中的作用进行了讨论。水科技在人类社会的现代化进程中起到了重要的支撑，保障和推动作用，解决人类面前日益严峻的水污染与水资源危机问题，大力发展水科技是一条根本途径。     

纺织行业废水污染控制技术梗概与进展

纺织行业排放的废水成分复杂 ,是最难净化处理的污水之一。本文概述了纺织行业废水污染控制净化技术的现状 ,并作了相应的评价与分析     

Harmonized assessment of nutrient pollution from urban systems including losses from sewer exfiltration: a case study in Germany

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A growing literature indicates that untreated wastewater from leaky sewers stands among major sources of pollution to water resources of urban...     

Spatiotemporal differentiation and the obstacle factors influencing the coupling coordination between economic development and water pollution control capability in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is a highly influential economic belt and an innovative demonstration belt for the protection and restoration of ecological and environmental systems. The dynamic coordination between economic development system (EDs) and water pollution control capability system (WPCCs) is a critical issue to be solved for regional sustainable development. However, this topic has not been adequately addressed in previous studies. To bridge this gap, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal differentiation and obstacle factors influencing the coupling coordination between EDs and WPCCs in the Chinese Five-Year Plan based on coupling coordination degree model and obstacle degree model. The main results suggest that (1) the comprehensive level of the comprehensive level of water pollution control capability presents an upward trend with the increase of economic development. A J-shaped relationship existed between the EDs and WPCCs. (2) The regions with rapid economic growth are mainly distributed in the Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Chongqing, and Sichuan. Moreover, water pollution control capability system shows this pattern, eastern regions?>?western regions?>?central regions. (3) The coupling coordination level of each region in the YREB has improved from a moderately unbalanced development level to a superiorly balanced development level from 2006 to 2019. (4) Per capita gross domestic product, gross product of tertiary industry, total volume of waste water treated, and per daily volume treated of sewage treatment facilities are the major indexes influencing the coordinated development of the EDs and WPCCs. These findings are conductive to formulating reasonable strategies for water environment protection and sustainable development and providing a direction for urban planning.

     

白银市区土壤作物系统重金属污染分析与防治对策研究

通过对白银市区土壤作物系统重金属含量与分布变化特征的调查分析，结果表明，只有东大沟污灌区土壤作物污染严重，Cd,Pb超标明显；西大沟清污混灌区土壤环境为轻度污染，但作物质量符合标准要求；其余灌区土壤物质符合标准要求。最后，根据土壤作物重金属含量分布变化特征，提出了相应的防治对策。     

Membrane filtration of olive mill wastewater and exploitation of its fractions.

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) produced from small units scattered in rural areas of Southern Europe is a major source of pollution of surface and subsurface water. In the present work, a treatment scheme based on physical separation methods is presented. The investigation was carried out using a pilot-plant unit equipped with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis membranes. Approximately 80% of the total volume of wastewater treated by the membrane units was sufficiently cleaned to meet the standards for irrigation water. The concentrated fractions collected in the treatment concentrates were characterized by high organic load and high content of phenolic compounds. The concentrates were tested in hydroponic systems to examine their toxicity towards undesired herbs. The calculations of the cost of the overall process showed that fixed and operational costs could be recovered from the exploitation of OMW byproducts as water for irrigation and/or as bioherbicides.     

UASB-SBR组合工艺处理畜禽养殖废水的研究

近年来,随着中国畜禽养殖业的快速发展,落后的养殖模式和污染防治设施,使畜禽养殖污染日趋严重,畜禽养殖污染已居农业污染源之首,已成为中国环境污染的重要因素,对环境质量乃至人体健康都会产生不良影响。文中采用UASB—SBR组合工艺处理畜禽养殖废水,通过试验探讨SBR反应器启动方法及最佳运行模式,同时研究UASB反应器的启动方法。结果表明,SBR运行的最佳模式为进水0.5 h、反应8 h、沉淀1 h、出水0.5 h、闲置14 h。经过一段时间的启动,UASB和SBR反应器均成功启动,UASB—SBR组合工艺在处理畜禽养殖废水时可获得稳定的处理效果,COD、氨氮、总磷等出水水质均达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001)要求,为畜禽养殖废水处理的工程化应用提供了参考依据。