好氧堆肥滚筒结构及通风管排布设计

针对现有好氧堆肥技术的不足,设计1台兼具强制通风静态垛与卧式旋转仓二者优势的好氧堆肥用滚筒反应器。运用Fluent软件对大部分发酵时间处于静态的滚筒反应器进行通风效果数值模拟与分析,对比通风管不同排布方式的堆体中小流速区域面积,确定了滚筒底部2根通风管的合理排布方式。     

垃圾堆肥工艺过程动态模拟及优化研究

选取通气量、含水率、温度、底物浓度等作为堆肥控制因子，在堆肥生物反应动力学的基础上，根据堆肥反应过程的物料平衡和能量平衡，以及微生物比生长速度与含水率、堆肥温度的依存关系，结合翻转式堆肥反应装置操作运行条件，对厨房垃圾好氧堆肥过程中堆温、含水率、有机物、微生物量及氧气消耗量等变化进行计算机模拟计算，并将模拟结果与堆肥实验结果进行对比。结果证明，除了由于反应装置保温不理想引起堆温和含水率二者有偏差外，总体模拟计算结果与实际堆肥结果基本吻合。另外还开展了利用所开发的模型进行堆肥通气优化的应用研究。模型计算结果表明：当出口氧气控制在10％-18％时，采用间歇供氧，不仅能提高堆肥效率，而且可以使供氧时间减少40％以上。经过堆肥实验验证模拟结果是正确的。由此可见，利用模型模拟堆肥过程，快速优化堆肥方案是可行与有效的。     

垃圾堆肥工艺过程动态模拟及优化研究

选取通气量、含水率、温度、底物浓度等作为堆肥控制因子,在堆肥生物反应动力学的基础上,根据堆肥反应过程的物料平衡和能量平衡,以及微生物比生长速度与含水率、堆肥温度的依存关系,结合翻转式堆肥反应装置操作运行条件,对厨房垃圾好氧堆肥过程中堆温、含水率、有机物、微生物量及氧气消耗量等变化进行计算机模拟计算,并将模拟结果与堆肥实验结果进行对比。结果证明,除了由于反应装置保温不理想引起堆温和含水率二者有偏差外,总体模拟计算结果与实际堆肥结果基本吻合。另外还开展了利用所开发的模型进行堆肥通气优化的应用研究。模型计算结果表明当出口氧气控制在10%～18%时,采用间歇供氧,不仅能提高堆肥效率,而且可以使供氧时间减少40%以上。经过堆肥实验验证模拟结果是正确的。由此可见,利用模型模拟堆肥过程,快速优化堆肥方案是可行与有效的。     

粪便中温好氧堆肥过程有机物的降解研究

为了生态厕所的推广使用、便于操作和节约能耗,多采用无加热的设施,即在自然条件下(对于小型生态厕所,接近中温条件)的好氧堆肥处理.了解中温好氧堆肥过程有机物的降解特性,对于生态厕所的推广使用和简化设计、操作等具有重要意义.采用密闭式好氧堆肥反应器,模拟中温(35℃)的堆肥温度,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,在含水率为60％以及连...     

用灰色关联度方法分析活性炭-膜生物反应器效率的影响因素

应用灰色关联分析方法，以活性炭-膜生物反应器净化微污染水源水为例，研究影响反应器处理效率主要因素的重要性顺序，试验数据进行关联度计算分析所得的结论与理论分析一致。从而表明，用该方法分析影响好氧反应器处理效率的各因素的重要性．具有要求试验数据少、结果可靠的特点，同时也得到了影响活性炭-膜生物反应器处理效率各因素的重要性顺序。     

序批式好氧发酵一体化反应器的研制与验证

好氧堆肥是农村有机废弃物资源化利用、减少农村面源污染的有效途径之一,为解决农村固废堆肥设备短缺的问题,设计了一种序批式好氧发酵一体化反应器,并开展了反应器堆肥验证实验。设备主要包括5个发酵单元、除臭系统、密闭箱体和自动控制系统,发酵仓采用"U"型结构,有效容积100 L,可提供最大25 L·min~(-1)空气量,曝气精度0.1 L·min~(-1),翻抛轴转速7.2 r·min~(-1),采用离子除臭装置在密闭箱体内完成除臭过程。自控系统可实现5组发酵装置的自动控制和数据管理,通过不同含水率的物料进行好氧堆肥实验,进行物理、化学指标的综合评价,结果表明,该反应器一体化程度高,堆肥效果符合有机肥无害化标准,可实现序批式堆肥。该设备解决了传统堆肥连续性差、自动化程度低的问题,可为农业废弃物资源化利用提供技术支撑。     

小型好氧堆肥设备处理有机垃圾

针对我国生活垃圾的特点,提出了厨余等有机生活垃圾单独收集,在产生源头进行好氧堆肥处理。研制了好氧堆肥设备,由加热装置、通风装置、冷凝水收集和回灌装置,以及与该生物堆肥设备配套的生物过滤除臭装置、自控系统和数据采集软件几部分构成。自控系统由氧气、温度、湿度三路传感器以及2个控制器构成,并与加热装置、通风装置连接,能满足物料加热、供氧和散热的要求。本研究通过为期30 d的试运行实验表明,物料快速升温并稳定保持在高温阶段(50～60℃),物料中的氧气浓度保持在14%～16%范围内。在堆肥实验结束时,物料的含水率降至36.4%,有机质含量降至49%,另外,通过好氧速率指标也可判定物料达到腐熟。     

塔式自然通风好氧堆肥反应器的开发与应用

针对现有堆肥反应器处理效率低、运行和维护成本较高及堆肥效率不稳定等问题,开发了塔式自然通风好氧堆肥反应器。从物料和热量平衡、通风量优化等方面对反应器进行研究。反应器主要包括反应器主体、通风管、物料承托筛板和温度监控系统等,具有运行及维护简单、能源耗费低等优点。在通风高度为3 m,初始物料投加量5.65 kg(干重比︰粪便/锯末=1∶2.5),含水率约60%时,对人粪便进行好氧堆肥实验。结果表明,堆体温度最高至62℃,并且在50℃以上高温保持5 d;TOC和COD均呈持续下降趋势,降解率分别为64.14%和56.45%;种子发芽指数为113.64%,完全达到腐熟标准。     

新型堆肥装置设计及其应用研究

根据城市生活垃圾的特点和性质，利用物料平衡和热力学原理进行好氧堆肥实验装置的设计，并对堆肥发酵仓容积的确定和配套辅助设备进行了研究，得出当堆肥装置直径小于2．25m时，需采取保温措施。通过强制通风静态仓式堆肥小试实验进行的城市生活垃圾堆肥结果表明，通过30℃及以上的水浴加热，可实现固体废物的堆肥化。     

城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术试验研究

对城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术与传统垃圾填埋技术进行了对比试验,由试验结果可知,半好氧生物反应器填埋技术可缩短填埋垃圾产酸时间,净化渗滤液,加速填埋垃圾稳定化进程.城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术是中国中小城市垃圾填埋处理的发展方向.     

Model analysis of interactive effects of ozone and water stress on the yield of soybean

The interactive effects of ozone and water stress on the yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Davis') were addressed with a growth model of soybean. Two simulations were conducted, using the data from the exposures of soybean to ozone in open-top chambers under two soil moisture regimes, and the results of the simulations were compared. In the original simulation, soil moisture content was calculated based on a water budget using the actual precipitation and irrigation data. In the modified simulation, the soil water content was given as input data. In this case, soil moisture content was maintained at the same level across the ozone treatments regardless of different water use by the plants. Both simulations included the effect of reduced ozone flux to the leaves due to water stress, whereas only the original simulation included the effect of mitigated water stress due to reduced water use by the plants under higher ozone concentration. The water stress reduced ozone impact on soybean yield in the original simulation on the basis of the ozone dosecrop yield response relationship, but not in the modified simulation. The ozone uptake rate was reduced by water stress in the original simulation, but the relationship between seasonal mean ozone uptake rate and relative yield still showed reduced impact of ozone due to water stress. These results indicated that the alleviation of water stress by ozone due to reduced plant water use in ozone-treated plots can be a contributing factor in the reduction of ozone impact by water stress. The above conclusion was partly confirmed by the actual data for soil water content, which was significantly lower in the lowest ozone treatment than in the higher ozone treatments. Further experimental and modelling studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of the ozone X water stress interaction.     

SCR反应器内各关键部件对系统压力损失特性影响的研究

选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)脱硝反应器的关键部件对系统压力损失特性的影响非常明显.针对某电厂1×300 MW锅炉机组的SCR脱硝反应器,采用数值模拟和实验研究的方法研究了各关键部件对系统压力损失特性影响.通过研究确定了SCR反应器的最优设计方案,即关键部件1设计为...     

混凝模拟搅拌杯的设计

根据相似理论,结合水处理实际混凝工艺条件,设计出了1L方形模拟搅拌杯,并进行了初步试验分析,取得了满意结果。     

An integrated numerical and physical modeling system for an enhanced in situ bioremediation process

Groundwater contamination due to releases of petroleum products is a major environmental concern in many urban districts and industrial zones. Over the past years, a few studies were undertaken to address in situ bioremediation processes coupled with contaminant transport in two- or three-dimensional domains. However, they were concentrated on natural attenuation processes for petroleum contaminants or enhanced in situ bioremediation processes in laboratory columns. In this study, an integrated numerical and physical modeling system is developed for simulating an enhanced in situ biodegradation (EISB) process coupled with three-dimensional multiphase multicomponent flow and transport simulation in a multi-dimensional pilot-scale physical model. The designed pilot-scale physical model is effective in tackling natural attenuation and EISB processes for site remediation. The simulation results demonstrate that the developed system is effective in modeling the EISB process, and can thus be used for investigating the effects of various uncertainties.     

Seasonal variations in roadside conditions and the performance of a gall-forming insect and its food plant

A transplant experiment using potted plants was performed over two years in a field located along a heavily used highway to test for the effects of seasonal variations in roadside conditions on the performance of a gall-forming insect, Eurosta solidaginis Fitch, and its perennial host plant, Solidago altissima L. The experiment was designed to separate temporally the two major classes of road pollutants (air pollutants versus de-icing salt). The population density and survivorship of E. solidaginis were not affected by road-stressed goldenrods. However, gall-forming larvae had a greater biomass when they were grown on plants exposed to road air pollutants, although these effects were tempered by a simultaneous exposure to de-icing salt. The shoot growth of S. altissima was severely affected by road stress during each growing season but after two years the biomass of roots and rhizomes combined did not differ between the treatments. This experiment showed that the effects of air pollutants and de-icing salt on a gall-forming insect via stressed host plants are less than additive.     

可旋转径向式微粒捕集器消声特性影响因素灰色关联分析

为降低可旋转径向式微粒捕集器中的排气噪声,采用有限元法建立可旋转径向式微粒捕集器声学特性模型,分析得到了其消声特性和传递损失曲线,并采用灰色关联分析方法研究可旋转径向式微粒捕集器结构参数对消声特性的影响程度。结果表明,可旋转径向式微粒捕集器具有降噪能力,且对高频噪声消声效果明显好于低频噪声,平均消声量为20 dB左右;直径比和扩张管锥角是影响可旋转径向式微粒捕集器消声特性的2个主要因素,适当选用小的直径比和扩张管锥角,有利于提高可旋转径向式微粒捕集器的消声性能。     

Oxidative stress in liver of turtle Mauremys reevesii caused by cadmium

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The research was designed to examine oxidative stress of the liver of turtle Mauremys reevesii caused by cadmium (Cd). Turtles were injected...     

钢棒去皮机除尘器设计

钢棒去皮机是通过砂轮磨削除去钢棒表面铁锈的一种设备,在去皮过程产生的大量金属粉尘,导致环境污染,为此设计喷淋塔式除尘器作为钢棒去皮机的除尘装置。通过选择和计算的运行参数,设计了喷淋塔的结构和尺寸。对设计的除尘器效率验算结果表明:该除尘器可以满足去皮机环保要求,除尘效率达99.7%。     

并流旋转床气体出口压降数值分析

气体出口是旋转床的重要组成部分,对旋转床流场与气相压降有着重要的影响。研究并流旋转床结构、构建气体出口物理模型,利用RNG k-ε湍流模型,探索不同气体出口结构对并流旋转床流场的影响。模拟结果表明:具有4个切向气体出口的DCRPB3615型旋转床有利于旋转床内速度分布均匀、降低湍动能,减小气相压降。模拟与实验对比表明,DCRPB3615压降比单一径向出口的CRPB3615型旋转床降低10%左右。