废柴油再生工艺的研究

以石油破乳剂DPA2031为絮凝剂、活性白土为吸附剂，经絮凝、吸附再生处理了废柴油。考察了影响絮凝、吸附的各种因素。确定最佳絮凝条件：温度80℃、混合时间45min、100g废柴油所需石油破乳剂2g；净化油收率82％、透光率39．5％。最佳吸附条件：每100g净化油活性白土用量15g、硅酸钠3g、温度75℃、时间40min；精制油收率89％、透光率83％。精制油的一些理化指标符合国家标准。     

废弃油基钻井液热化学破乳-离心分离实验

废弃油基钻井液是一种含油量较高的油包水稳定体系,具有回收利用价值。采用热化学破乳-离心分离的方法,考察了破乳剂加量、破乳温度、离心机转速、破乳时间、离心时间和破乳剂浓度对废弃油基钻井液分离的影响。通过实验确定了破乳效果最好的破乳剂为巴斯夫L62,并对热化学破乳-离心分离废弃油基钻井液的影响因素进行了优化实验研究。实验结果表明,在破乳剂加量300 mg/L、离心机转速8 000 r/min、破乳温度80℃、破乳时间3 h、离心时间25 min和破乳剂质量浓度0.25%的条件下,热化学破乳-离心法处理废弃油基钻井液的脱水率达75%、脱油率达72.73%。热化学破乳-离心分离方法回收废弃油基钻井液中的油具有潜在的应用价值。     

物化破乳-脱稳离心处理油罐底泥

油罐底泥是油田主要废弃物之一,具有脱水难、黏度大、毒性大等特点,油罐底泥减量化、资源化处理势在必行。针对油罐底泥较高的含水、含油特性,为了实现油罐底泥资源化利用,提出了物化破乳-脱稳离心处理油罐底泥,实验考察破乳剂种类及加量、破乳助剂种类及加量、破乳温度、破乳时间、离心转速对油罐底泥脱水率、脱油率的影响。通过大量实验筛选出最佳破乳剂WDP-9,最佳破乳助剂聚合氯化铝、聚丙烯酰胺复配。实验结果表明,在破乳剂WDP-9用量500mg·L~(-1)、聚合氯化铝用量75 mg·L~(-1)、聚丙烯酰胺用量75 mg·L~(-1)、破乳温度60℃、破乳时间2 h、离心转速10 000 r·min~(-1)、2次离心时间均为10 min的条件下,物化破乳-脱稳离心处理油罐底泥脱水率为85.70%,脱油率67.10%。     

氟苯再生酸氧化过滤—冷却结晶—吸附—减压浓缩净化工艺

为了开发一种氟苯再生酸的资源化利用途径,对某生产氟苯及其系列产品的化工厂排出的废酸进行了研究,提出了氧化过滤—冷却结晶—吸附—减压浓缩的净化工艺,并且在吸附阶段,通过自制改性的活性炭作为吸附剂来对氧化、结晶的酸液进行吸附,COD去除率高达96.8%。同时确定了氧化过滤阶段的最佳工艺条件:废酸/氧化剂为4∶1,温度为110℃,反应时间为120 min,吸附阶段的最佳工艺条件:吸附剂的投加比为10 g·L~(-1),吸附时间为12 h,吸附温度为30℃。结果表明,COD去除率高达99.4%,净化后废酸的硫酸含量达到82.4%。     

石英砂滤料表面润湿改性

采用硅烷偶联剂、钛酸酯偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂对石英砂进行表面改性,以制备亲油疏水性滤料。研究得出,钛酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂的最佳工艺条件为:偶联剂用量15%,反应温度90℃,搅拌时间15 min;硅烷偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂的最佳工艺条件均为:偶联剂用量15%,反应温度110℃,搅拌时间15 min。水对钛酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量由改性前的1.5589 g降低到0.0282 g,水对硅烷偶联剂改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量降低到0.0607 g,水对铝酸酯改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量降低到0.2664 g。静态吸附实验表明,硅烷偶联剂、钛酸酯偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂滤料对油的吸附容量分别增加了33.67%、42.87%和22.30%。XPS和FT-IR分析表明,偶联剂均以化学键的方式包覆在石英砂滤料表面,结合稳定。     

壳聚糖/海藻酸钠复合絮凝剂的吸附性能

采用壳聚糖和海藻酸钠制备新型复合絮凝剂,通过正交实验考察复合絮凝剂投加量、搅拌时间、絮凝温度及pH值等因素对曙红染料废水吸附效果的影响,并采用红外光谱对产品进行表征。结果表明:最佳吸附条件为复合絮凝剂投加量0.30 g,pH值为5.00,搅拌时间为2.0 h,絮凝温度25℃时,脱色率可达97.52%。复合絮凝剂对曙红溶液的吸附等温曲线遵循Freundlich吸附等温式和Langmuir等温吸附式。     

一株产絮凝剂的黑曲霉的分离及培养条件优化

从活性污泥中筛选出一株产絮凝剂的霉菌,初步鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger).其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液具有良好的絮凝作用.通过培养条件优化,其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率从85.6%提高到98.7%,实验结果表明,(1)黑曲霉孢子最佳接种量为9.33×108 个/L;(2)产絮凝剂适宜的碳源为蔗糖,氮源为尿素,用量分别为30.00、1.600 g/L;(3)最佳培养条件为:查氏液体培养基初始pH 7.0,培养温度30℃,摇床转速180 r/min,培养时间120 h;(4)在最佳培养条件下微生物絮凝剂的产量为1.805 g/L;(5)絮凝性能比较结果表明,微生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能优于传统絮凝剂.     

MnO_2/Al_2O_3吸附草甘膦及微波紫外耦合降解再生工艺

以掺混煅烧法制备Mn O2/Al2O3,并对草甘膦进行吸附,将吸附态草甘膦置于微波紫外耦合系统中进行降解和再生。研究并给出了Mn O2/Al2O3的最佳制备条件、最佳吸附条件和微波紫外耦合降解再生的最佳工艺参数。Mn O2/Al2O3最佳制备条件为Mn O2质量分数15%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间2 h。在常温下,Mn O2/Al2O3对草甘膦的最大吸附量为75 mg/g。微波紫外耦合系统最佳工艺参数为功率500 W,时间25 min,空气量0.06 m3/h。在此操作条件下,Mn O2/Al2O3的再生率达到85%,并且可以多次再生利用,草甘膦最终降解产物为二氧化碳、氮氧化物、磷酸和水,矿化率为65%。     

硝酸改性稻秆处理含Pb~(2+)模拟废水

在150 m L溶液中,稻秆用量为5 g,硝酸浓度为10%,稻秆颗粒度为20目,改性温度为80℃,改性时间为3h,制备得到硝酸改性稻秆吸附剂。详细探讨了用该吸附剂处理含Pb~(2+)废水的影响因素:吸附剂用量、Pb~(2+)初始浓度、溶液pH值、吸附时间和吸附温度等对Pb~(2+)吸附率的影响,并进一步通过正交实验及对比实验得出处理200 m L,初始浓度为300mg·L-1的含Pb~(2+)废水的最佳吸附工艺为:吸附剂用量为4 g,pH值为6,吸附时间为3 h,吸附温度为20℃,在此工艺条件下,对Pb~(2+)的吸附率达到94.31%,吸附量为14.15 mg·g~(-1)。     

硬脂酸改性磁铁矿在含油污水处理中的应用

研究了水溶液中硬脂酸改性后磁铁矿吸附石油的特性,测定了温度、改性剂用量和时间等因素对改性以及吸附的影响,并对吸附后磁铁矿进行了再生。通过对红外图谱、扫描电镜图谱等的分析,对改性及吸附机理进行了探讨。结果表明,硬脂酸改性磁铁矿的最佳改性条件为常温20℃,改性时间45 min,改性剂用量硬脂酸与磁铁矿的质量比为4%,改性过程中伴随着物理和化学变化,硬脂酸在磁铁矿表面形成了双分子层包覆。改性后的磁铁矿表面湿润性降低,改性磁铁矿吸附石油符合Langmu ir型吸附等温线,最大吸附量为749.23 mg/g,最大去除率达93%。对饱和吸附后的改性磁铁矿经再生处理后,石油去除率稳定在85%。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.