宠物食品加工废水处理工程实例

介绍了水解．接触氧化．气浮工艺在宠物食品加工废水中的应用。实践表明，在进水CODCr、BOD5和SS分别为2500mg／L、1600mg／L和250mg／L的情况下，出水的CODCr、BOD5和SS分别为70mg／L、15mg／L和40mg／L，达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978．96)一级标准。经过1年半的运行表明，该工艺具有运行稳定性好、处理效率高、操作管理方便的优点。     

禽类屠宰加工废水处理技术

介绍了厌氧水解酸化 循环活性污泥系统在禽类屠宰加工废水中的工程应用。结果表明 ,禽类加工废水在进水SS、CODCr、BOD5分别为 75 2mg/L、16 4 7mg/L、76 4mg/L的条件下 ,经该工艺处理后 ,外排废水的SS、CODCr、BOD5分别为 5 0mg/L、6 5mg/L、10 .1mg/L。该工艺具有占地面积小 ,处理效率好 ,运行费用低等特点 ,能广泛应用于禽类屠宰加工废水的处理。     

水解-好氧生物法处理城市污水试验研究

采用水解 好氧工艺的原理 ,设计了将污水与污泥处理合二为一的高效组合水解池 三相生物流化床流程 ,在广州经济技术开发区进行了处理量为 1 0 0L/h的城市污水处理试验。试验结果表明 :在平均进水CODCr为 4 92 3mg/L ,BOD5为 2 4 0 9mg/L ,SS为 5 5 2 3mg/L ,NH4 N为 1 8 8mg/L ,TP为 2 0mg/L条件下 ,平均出水CODCr为 4 7 3mg/L ,BOD5为 2 2 lmg/L ,SS为 1 3 9mg/L ,NH4 N为 5 2mg/L ,TP为 1 4mg/L ,并进行了该工艺中污泥循环的初步分析 ,为该工艺处理城市污水工业化提供了技术参考。     

UASB-接触氧化-气浮处理柠檬酸废水

介绍了UASB-接触氧化-气浮工艺处理柠檬酸废水的工程应用.工程运行表明,柠檬酸废水在进水SS、COD和BOD5分别为3427 mg/L、18 853 mg/L和11778 mg/L的条件下,经该工艺处理后,外排废水SS、COD和BOD5浓度分别为147.5 mg/L、223 mg/L和51.9 mg/L.该工艺具有占地面积小、工程投资和运行费用低及处理效果稳定等特点,能广泛应用于柠檬酸废水的处理.     

UASB-接触氧化-气浮处理柠檬酸废水

介绍了UASB-接触氧化-气浮工艺处理柠檬酸废水的工程应用.工程运行表明,柠檬酸废水在进水SS、COD和BOD5分别为3427 mg/L、18 853 mg/L和11778 mg/L的条件下,经该工艺处理后,外排废水SS、COD和BOD5浓度分别为147.5 mg/L、223 mg/L和51.9 mg/L.该工艺具有占地面积小、工程投资和运行费用低及处理效果稳定等特点,能广泛应用于柠檬酸废水的处理.     

催化铁内电解法处理制革综合废水的研究

采用以催化铁内电解法为主的工艺处理制革综合废水，当进水SS、BOD5、CODCr、TCr、S^2-、色度分别为2120mg／L、648mg／L、1240mg／L、96．2mg／L、113．8mg／L、840倍时，出水分别为142mg／L、75mg／L、248mg／L、1．3mg／L、0．8mg／L、16倍，而且出水水质稳定，能够达到二级排放标准。     

矿化垃圾生物反应床处理畜禽废水的试验研究

矿化垃圾具有较大的吸附比表面积 ,较强的阳离子交换容量 (6 7.9meq/ 10 0 g) ,无二次污染 ,是很好的污水处理生物介质。借助于矿化垃圾柱物理模型试验装置 ,在实验室进行了历时 6个月的矿化垃圾反应床处理畜禽污水试验。结果表明 ,系统出水有较大改善 ,出水溶解氧有较大提高 ,pH值呈中性。该处理系统对畜禽污水中色度、SS、CODCr、BOD5、NH3 N和总磷的平均去除率分别为 6 4.7%、5 4.2 9%、75 .33 %、88.71%、94.5 5 %和 99.83 % ;处理出水中CODCr、BOD5、NH4 N和总磷的平均浓度分别为 185 .6 1mg/L、14.94mg/L、2 6 .79mg/L和 0 .0 79mg/L ;总氮的平均去除率仅为 2 1.2 9%。反应器运行 6个月以来 ,运转良好 ,未发生阻塞现象     

混凝沉淀-厌氧折流板反应池-两级好氧生化工艺处理毛毯废水

采用混凝沉淀 厌氧折流板反应池 两级好氧生化工艺处理毛毯废水。在废水 pH为 4 .6 3— 6 .95、CODCr为96 6— 1990mg/L、BOD5为 2 4 3— 4 97mg/L、SS为 344— 4 36mg/L、色度 4 0 0倍时 ,处理出水达到一级排放标准。该处理技术先进、可靠。     

活性污泥法处理味精厂废水的工艺优化

经过总结与改进武汉味全食品有限公司近 5年污水处理工艺、设备 ,结果表明 ,经过增加三级曝气池、罗茨鼓风机等工艺改进 ,SS由 132mg/L降为 112mg/L ;NH3 N由 119mg/L降为 37 6mg/L ;Ar OH由 0 0 1mg/L降为 0 0 0 9mg/L ;BOD5由 5年前的 34 6mg/L降为现在的 2 1 2mg/L ;COD由 5年前的 117mg/L降为现在的 6 2 6mg/L ;运行成本由 85 0万降到 4 5 0万 ,通过此工艺的改进及优化 ,基本达到国家污水排放标准 ,完全达到行业排放标准     

废纸造纸废水处理工程应用

报道了自制混凝剂产品处理废纸造纸废水的工程应用情况。经过 1年多的运行结果表明 ,当进水CODCr、悬浮物浓度分别为 972mg/L、82 5mg/L以及色度为 3 0 0倍时 ,采用该工艺处理后 ,CODCr去除率平均为 95 .7% ,SS去除率平均为 98.9% ,色度去除率平均为 99.3 % ,出水水质远低于国家一级排放标准 (GB3 5 44 - 92 ) ,并且工厂实践表明 ,对生产有显著的效益 ,从而证明该方法对于废纸造纸废水的处理是可行的。该处理工艺设备简单 ,系统运行稳定 ,操作方便 ,成本低     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.