长柄扁桃核壳活性炭的制备及表征

以长柄扁桃核壳为原料采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭，分别研究了温度、时间、浸渍比和磷酸浓度对活性炭吸附性能的影响；进而采用氮气吸附曲线和SEM对最佳工艺条件下的活性炭进行了表征。结果表明，长柄扁桃核壳是一种优质的活性炭原料；当温度为400℃，活化时间2 h，浸渍比2：1，磷酸浓度60%时，得到产率为46.46%，碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为1 073 mg/g、255 mg/g，比表面积高达1 740 m²/g，中孔率为73.12%的孔隙发达的高中孔率活性炭。     

微波辐照碳酸钾化学活化法制备菌渣活性炭

以食用菌渣为原料,以K2CO3为活化剂,利用微波辐照加热法制备活性炭。采用正交实验设计,研究了活化功率、活化时间、K2CO3与菌渣质量比、浸渍时间对活性炭碘值及得率的影响。实验结果表明,活化时间、活化功率、K2CO3与菌渣质量比对活性炭碘值影响显著,浸渍时间对活性炭碘值影响不显著;对活性炭得率,各因素影响均不显著。综合考虑碘值和得率2个指标,实验得出的最佳活性炭制备工艺条件为:活化功率560 W,活化时间20 min,K2CO3与菌渣质量比0.8,浸渍时间20 h。     

黄麻纤维活性炭对亚甲基蓝和甲基橙吸附动力学

以黄麻纤维为原料，采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭。研究黄麻纤维活性炭对亚甲基蓝和甲基橙2种染料的吸附行为。结果表明，采用磷酸制备的活性炭，由于表面含有羧基和含磷官能团等酸性基团，能够促进活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附；黄麻纤维活性炭对2种染料的平衡吸附量、初始吸附速率均随着初始浓度的增加而升高；相同条件下，黄麻纤维活性炭对亚甲基蓝的平衡吸附量大于甲基橙；黄麻纤维活性炭对两种染料的吸附行为更符合准二级动力学模型。     

污泥-烟煤基活性炭的制备及其对苯酚的吸附性能

以石化企业在污水处理过程中产生的干化剩余污泥为原料,大同烟煤作辅助添加料,采用化学活化法制备污泥-烟煤基活性炭,探讨了活化剂(ZnCl_2)用量、活化温度、活化时间等条件对所制备的活性炭性能的影响。以活性炭的碘吸附值为衡量指标,当污泥∶烟煤(质量比)=1∶1时获得制备污泥-烟煤活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:浸渍液为ZnCl_2∶原料(质量比)=2∶1,活化温度550℃,活化时间30 min,在该条件下制备的活性炭的碘吸附值为990 mg·g~(-1),比表面积为836m~2·g~(-1),产率为46.6%。同时,以苯酚为目标污染物,考察了所制备的污泥-烟煤基活性炭对苯酚的去除效果,结果表明:污泥-烟煤基活性炭投加量为2.0 g·L~(-1)时,4 h后达到吸附平衡,离子强度对吸附容量没有显著的影响,溶液pH在4~10范围内对苯酚有较好吸附,pH=6时苯酚吸附容量为138.9 mg·g~(-1)。与同类吸附剂相比,制备的污泥-烟煤基活性炭可高效吸附水溶液中的苯酚。     

废棉布制备活性炭影响因素与机理研究

研究了采用磷酸活化法制备废棉布活性炭的工艺条件。研究表明,废棉布活性炭吸附能力随着磷酸浓度、浸渍时间、活化温度和活化时间的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。最佳制备条件为:磷酸浓度40%,浸渍时间24 h,活化温度500℃,活化时间30 min。此时制备的废棉布活性炭性能优于商品活性炭。另外,通过对最佳浓度磷酸浸渍的废棉布进行热失重分析,对磷酸活化废棉布制备活性炭机理开展了初步研究,研究表明磷酸活化废棉布制备活性炭过程分为水分蒸发阶段、炭化阶段、过渡阶段、活化阶段和煅烧阶段。     

改性核桃果皮基活性炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附

以核桃外果皮制备活性炭及改性活性炭,对制得的活性炭进行表征,研究了5种活性炭对重金属Cu~(2+)的吸附性能。研究表明,以氯化锌为活化剂制得的活性炭,其碘吸附值及表面酸性基团含量均高于磷酸活化制备的活性炭,改性后的活性炭吸附性能明显增强,碘吸附值最高达到678.53 mg·g~(-1),对Cu~(2+)的最高去除率达到91.43%。吸附量和Cu~(2+)去除率随时间、温度和p H的升高而增大,5种活性炭投加量增加,导致吸附量减小,但Cu~(2+)去除率增大,吸附平衡时间为3 h。5种活性炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附均符合准二级动力学模型。磷酸和氯化锌活化的活性炭吸附等温线符合Tempkin模型,而3种改性活性炭的吸附等温线则较好地符合Langmuir模型。     

磷酸活化植物基活性炭对水溶液中铅的吸附

以棉秆与互花米草为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备了低成本的植物基活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对重金属铅的吸附性能。结果表明,在活化温度为500℃、活化时间为2 h条件下,制备的棉秆和互花米草活性炭比表面积为1 570m2/g和856 m2/g,含氧酸官能团含量分别为1.43 mmol/g和1.27 mmol/g。在25℃下,两种活性炭对重金属铅的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为119 mg/g和111 mg/g,吸附最佳pH为4.3,吸附平衡符合Freundlich方程,离子交换在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用。     

锰磁活性炭的制备及其性能表征

以酶解提制烟碱后的烟渣和电解锰渣回收锰为原料，制备具备磁性和发达孔隙的活性炭。利用氮气吸附技术、红外光谱（FTIR）表征与分析了活性炭表面的孔隙结构和物化性质，考察了活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能和磁学性能。结果表明：以Mn／C基质废弃物为原料制得活性炭具有磁学性能；适量锰的添加有利于活性炭微孔的形成和发育；采用一步焙烧法有助于磁化物和活性炭基体相互作用形成化学键合，提高饱和磁化强度，实现废弃资源的充分利用。     

棉秆基活性炭的制备及其对2,4-二硝基苯酚的吸附

以棉秆为原料，以KOH为活化剂，制备了高比表面棉秆基生物质活性炭。分析了制得的活性炭的元素组成、表面官能团、吸附能力等物化性能，探讨了浸渍比，活化温度，活化时间等工艺参数对制备活性炭得率、表面官能团、碘值、亚甲基蓝值等性能的影响，并通过静态吸附实验比较了不同条件下制备活性炭对2，4-二硝基苯酚的吸附性能，探讨了典型炭样品对2，4-二硝基苯酚的等温吸附特性。结果表明，KOH活化棉秆基生物质活性炭的表面物化性质随浸渍比、活化温度等工艺参数变化而变化，活化适宜条件为浸渍比1：3、活化温度800℃、活化时间90 min，在此条件下制得的炭样的碘值为1 251 mg/g，亚甲基蓝吸附值为478 mg/g，分别是国家一级品标准的1.25倍与3.54倍；对2，4-二硝基苯酚的Langmuir最大吸附量为747 mg/g，与Freundlich模型相比，Langmuir模型能较好地描述2，4-二硝基苯酚在炭样上的吸附行为，表明制备活性炭样品表面吸附位的能量分布较为均一。     

稻壳基活性炭的制备及其对亚甲基蓝吸附的研究

以稻壳为原料，采用K2CO3活化法和H3P04活化法制备了比表面积为1312m^2／g和682m^2／g的活性炭，通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）对样品进行了表征，并将孔隙发达的活性炭样品用于对亚甲基蓝的吸附，结果表明，K2CO3活化法制备的活性炭样品具有更多的微孔结构；随着亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度的增加、活性炭吸附时间的延长，亚甲基蓝的去除率呈现逐渐降低和逐渐增大的变化规律，当pH值为6时，活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果最佳；稻壳基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型，Qm最高可达476．2mg／g；热力学参数△G^0△H^0和△S^0均为负值，表明稻壳基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附是一个自发的放热反应。     

Sorption of carbendazim and linuron from aqueous solutions with activated carbon produced from spent coffee grounds: Equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic approach

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) have been used for the production of activated carbon (AC) by impregnation with different ratios of phosphoric acid at 600?°C, Xp (H₃PO₄/coffee): 3:1^30%, 4:1^30%, 3:1^50% and 4:1^50%. The obtained AC was characterized by BET, FTIR and SEM. BET surface area corresponds to 803.422 m² g^?1. The influences of the main parameters such as contact time, the pesticides initial concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature on the efficiency of separation process were investigated during the batch operational mode. Results were modeled by adsorption isotherms: Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms, which gave satisfactory correlation coefficients. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from the Langmuir isotherms were 11.918?mg g^?1 for carbendazim and 5.834?mg g^?1 for linuron at room temperature. Adsorption kinetics of carbendazim and linuron have been studied by the pseudo-first-order, the pseudo-second-order and the intraparticle diffusion model. The results of adsorption kinetics have been fitted the best by pseudo-second-order model. The resulted data from FTIR characterization pointed to the presence of many functional groups on the AC surface. SCG adsorbent, as an eco-friendly and low-cost material, showed high potential for the removal of carbendazim and linuron from aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4-chloro-2-metylphenoxyacetic acid onto activated carbons derived from various lignocellulosic materials

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-metylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) from aqueous solution onto activated carbons derived from various lignocellulosic materials including willow, miscanthus, flax, and hemp shives was investigated. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using two kinetic models: the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equations. The adsorption kinetics of both herbicides was better represented by the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption isotherms of 2,4-D and MCPA on the activated carbons were analyzed using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm. The effect of pH on the adsorption was also studied. The results showed that the activated carbons prepared from the lignocellulosic materials are efficient adsorbents for the removal of 2,4-D and MCPA from aqueous solutions.     

炭化柚子皮对废水中双酚A的吸附

采用磷酸二氢钾活化原材料柚子皮，分别在300℃和600℃对活化后柚子皮进行炭化，制得吸附剂（CC300和CC600），通过静态吸附实验研究了炭化柚子皮对双酚A的吸附性能。采用比表面积分析仪对炭化柚子皮进行表征，实验考察了pH值、吸附时间和温度对双酚A吸附的影响，并详细研究了炭化柚子皮对双酚A的吸附行为和机理。结果表明，高温炭化柚子皮（CC600）吸附双酚A能力比低温炭化（CC300）的强，其吸附较好地满足Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程；动力学研究表明，其吸附速率快，在150min内能达到吸附平衡，准二级动力学模型较好地描述该吸附行为，相关系数高达0．99：计算了热力学参数△G、△H和△S的值,△G为负值,说明该吸附过程为自发过程。     

Determination of gas phase adsorption isotherms--a simple constant volume method

Single and ternary solute gas phase adsorption isotherms were conducted in this study to evaluate the effectiveness of a simple constant volume method, which was utilized by using Tedlar gas sampling bags as a constant volume batch reactor. For this purpose, gas phase adsorption of toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) on two types of activated carbons, BPL-bituminous base and OVC--coconut base, were investigated. For the single solute adsorption, the experimental adsorption data were found to be well correlated with Freundlich and Myers adsorption equations. The pore size distribution of adsorbents was found to affect their adsorption capacities; its effect was dependant on the solute concentration. The ternary adsorption experimental isotherms were accurately predicted by using the well-known model, i.e., ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST).     

Kinetic and adsorption study of acid dye removal using activated carbon

The adsorption of three acid dyes, Acid Red 97, Acid Orange 61 and Acid Brown 425 onto activated carbon was studied for the removal of acid dyes from aqueous solutions at room temperature (25 degrees C). The adsorption of each dye with respect to contact time was then measured to provide information about the adsorption characteristics of activated carbon. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with a good correlation. The experimental isotherms obtained, except for Acid Orange 61 studied in mixture, were of the S-type in terms of the classification of Giles and co-workers. The best fit of the adsorption isotherm data was obtained using the Freundlich model. When a comparative study was made of the results obtained with single and mixed dyes, it can be seen that some of them affect others and modify their behavior in the adsorption process. The results indicate that activated carbon could be employed for the removal of dyes from wastewater.     

新型水处理活性炭选型技术

活性炭依其原料不同、生产工艺不同,而有不同的吸附性能.使用简易的活性炭选型方法,可以减少应用测试时的备选炭型,从而大大降低活性炭水处理技术的运行成本.以碘值、甲基蓝值、苯酚值和丹宁酸值4种吸附容量性能指标为依据的活性炭选型技术,可以有效地预测活性炭对于水中各种大小不同污染物的去除能力.BET测试结果证明了这4项指标数据对于活性炭孔径分布预测的准确性.2,4-二氯苯酚和腐殖酸等目标化合物的吸附容量实验结果也都验证了这4项指标的预测功用,说明这种简便的活性炭选型技术有着广泛的应用价值.     

粘土矿物材料吸附去除水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯

研究了天然沸石、2种有机改性沸石及Mg/Al水滑石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的等温吸附情况和吸附机理,并与活性炭的吸附性能进行了比较。结果表明,Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温方程均可以很好地描述天然沸石和Mg/Al水滑石对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附,2种有机改性沸石对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附更符合Linear吸附等温方程。与活性炭相比,天然沸石对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附效果较差;2种有机改性沸石和Mg/Al水滑石对分子尺寸较小的邻苯二甲酸酯物质邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的去除率较低,分别低31.8%、31.4%和19.8%,但对分子较大的邻苯二甲酸酯物质邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的去除效果相差不大。     

Quaternary adsorption equilibria from aqueous systems onto decolourizing activated carbon

An experimental study has been conducted to obtain the adsorption isotherms of four typical pollutants from quaternary aqueous systems onto decolourizing activated carbon. The four materials investigated are: Phenol, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 4-amino-l-naphthalene sulfonic acid-sodium salt and Benzoic acid. The study has concentrated on the dilute region of concentrations which range from 10 to 165 ppm (mg/L) at an operating temperature of 30 °C.

The quaternary adsorption equilibria have been modeled using the extended Langmuir predictive model and the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory. In employing these models for the prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria, the single-solute isotherms are needed. These isotherms have been fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin models and the resulting model parameters, which are needed for the prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria, are reported. Predictions obtained from the extended Langmuir predictive model and the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) model are in agreement, however, they deviate to an appreciable extent from experimental observations.