低声能密度超声波破解污泥的效果研究

以生活污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,采用超声波技术进行污泥破解,研究不同声能密度和超声作用时间对污泥预处理效果的影响。结果表明,低声能密度超声波在120min内可破碎污泥絮体,分解细胞壁,使胞内有机物溶出;延长超声作用时间、增加声能密度均有助于污泥中有机物、氮、磷等物质的释放,当声能密度为0.10 W/mL、超声作用时间为120 min时,溶解性COD(SCOD)、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性多糖、TN、氨氮、TP、正磷酸盐的浓度较破解前分别提高了29.99、44.49、17.31、14.06、3.19、1.35、1.00倍;破解污泥释放出的氮以有机氮为主,磷的释放作用不明显。利用Pearson相关性分析得知,在声能密度变化条件下,除TP外,SCOD、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性多糖、TN、氨氮、正磷酸盐之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01);在超声作用时间变化条件下,各指标间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。     

正交实验优化超声波预处理污泥的工况研究

在污泥浓度为9 915 mg/L时,选取超声频率、超声声强和超声时间3个因素设计正交实验,以污泥破解度(DDSCOD)、污泥好氧率(SOUR)和脱氢酶(DHA)活性作为指标,对超声波预处理的工况进行了优化。研究结果表明,最佳的超声预处理参数组合为:超声频率28 kHz,声能密度0.15 W/mL,超声时间10 min。此外,研究还发现不同浓度的污泥,对应的最佳超声组合参数也不同。     

厌氧污泥性质对超声破解效率的影响

超声破解是污泥溶胞-隐性生长处理的一种重要前处理手段,破解效果受到超声条件及污泥性质的影响。以厌氧污泥破解后溶解性化学需氧量的增加值和污泥溶出破解率为评价指标,通过不同性质的厌氧污泥超声破解实验,探讨不同的污泥性质对厌氧污泥破解效果的影响,为厌氧污泥的下一步隐性生长处理提供良好条件。控制在超声频率为20kHz,超声声能密度1.2 W/mL,超声辐照时间20 min的条件下进行破解实验,实验结果表明,污泥的初始温度、pH值和污泥浓度等参数对厌氧污泥破解效率影响较大。     

高声能密度超声波破碎污泥细胞效能的研究

采用超声波在较高声能密度下处理SBR的剩余污泥,主要考察了含固率、声能密度和作用时间对污泥细胞破碎效果的影响。结果表明,在声能密度0.5～3 W/mL内,含固率1%～1.5%的剩余污泥经超声波作用后,上清液SCOD随作用时间呈线性升高;在声能密度1～3 W/mL内,含固率0.25%～0.5%的剩余污泥经超声波作用后,上清液SCOD随作用时间呈平缓缓慢升高。高声能密度超声波更适合对较高含固率污泥的细胞破碎;此情况下,上清液SCOD增幅、NH4＋-N、TN及TP升幅均与声能密度正相关。经超声波作用6 min后,污泥形态结构已破坏。     

低频超声波预处理污泥的实验研究

污泥水解是污泥厌氧消化过程中的限速步骤,为提高污泥厌氧消化效率,采用低频超声波技术对污泥进行预处理,考察超声波作用时间以及声能密度对污泥预处理效果的影响.结果表明,低频超声波预处理可分散污泥絮体,使污泥内有机物大量溶出,提高污泥的厌氧消化性能.延长超声波作用时间或增加声能密度均有助于污泥中有机物、氮、磷等物质的释放.当超声波声能密度为0.138 W/mL时,超声波作用20 min后,上清液溶解性COD(SCOD)、TN、TP分别为初始的11.7、4.1、9.9倍.挥发酸(VFA)的增加量取决于超声波频率,低频超声波对VFA无显著影响.超声波预处理对污泥絮体有很强的破碎作用,使胞外聚合物(EPS)溶解释放,当声能密度为0.034、0.069、0.138 W/mL时,超声波作用20 min后,污泥上清液中的蛋白质质量浓度由初始的28.3 mg/L分别增加到79.4、108.7、142.9 mg/L;糖类质量浓度由初始的41.2 mg/L增加到142.7、175.8、240.4 mg/L.     

超声波工作参数对污泥中磷释放的影响

若能有效释放与回收污泥中的磷,对缓解磷资源短缺有重要意义.为获得较好的磷释放效果,本研究以剩余污泥为研究对象,考察了超声波法处理污泥过程中超声波作用时间和声能密度对磷释放的影响.实验结果表明,在超声波作用60 min内,污泥中的磷释放量随超声波作用时间的延长而明显增加;磷释放随声能密度的提高呈现先快后慢的上升趋势,声能密度在0.2～1.2 W/mL范围时,其对磷释放的贡献度随超声波作用时间的提高而降低;污泥所释放的磷以PO3--P为主,占所释放TP的59.5％ ～87.2％;污泥中磷的释放量随超声能量增大而提高,上升趋势为先快后慢,在相同超声能量下,低声能密度长超声波作用时间下的磷释放效果优于高声能密度短时间下的释放效果.     

超声波对污泥水解的促进作用

以超声波预处理城市污水处理厂剩余污泥,考察不同功能密度下的超声波对污泥水解释放碳源过程的影响。结果表明,污泥经超声波预处理,可缩短污泥水解时间,促进VFA释放,且声能密度越大,促进作用越显著;当声能密度为0.138 W/mL、作用时间为1 min时,污泥水解4~5 d后,释放VFA达到800 mg/L,VFA/TN由初始的1.98提升至4.15,VFA/TP由初始的24.78提升至42.35。同时,超声波不仅破坏污泥絮体结构,而且提高了微生物中蛋白酶和辅酶F420的活性,更有利于污泥水解。     

超声波促进城市生活污泥缺氧/好氧消化的研究

本研究将超声波预处理引入城市生活污泥缺氧/好氧消化工艺中，自主设计了容积为30 L的生活污泥超声波-缺氧/好氧消化中试系统并用以实验研究。超声波预处理的参数为超声频率28 kHz，声能密度0.15 W/mL，超声时间10 min，超声间隔12 h，污泥超声比例30%。结果表明，引入超声预处理后，缩短了污泥的稳定时间，提高了污泥的消化效率。污泥消化10 d就已经达到了稳定标准，比未引入超声预处理时缩短了12 d，而MLVSS最大去除率提高了11%，达到了55.10%。超声波的引入，对污泥缺氧/好氧消化系统中污泥上清液溶解性COD（SCOD）的变化趋势影响比较明显，而对上清液的pH、氨氮和TP的变化趋势没有明显影响。     

超声波处理剩余污泥有机物、氮和磷的释放特性研究

以生活污水处理厂污泥为研究对象.采用超声波技术研究了污泥破解过程中有机物、氮和磷的释放规律.结果表明,在声能密度为0.167、0.330、0.500 W/mL的条件下,污泥中的有机物、氮和磷的释放均随超声时间而增加;破解后污泥释放出的有机物以分子量(MW)≤2 000的物质为主,且上清液BOD5/COD>0.33;所释放的氮以有机氮为主,其次是氨氮,污泥破解液COD/凯氏氮平均值为11,适合于生物法脱氮;污泥破解所释放的正磷酸盐约占污泥总磷质量的6.0%～18.2%.利用沉淀结晶法将其回收,可减轻原污水处理工艺的磷负荷.     

超声波对污泥中SCFAs释放影响及作用效应研究

以剩余污泥为研究对象,考察了超声波处理过程中超声时间及声能密度对污泥中短链脂肪酸SCFAs释放的影响及其作用效应。实验结果表明,污泥中SCFAs的释放量随超声时间和声能密度的提高而提高,但当超声能量270 J/mg MLSS后,SCFAs释放变缓甚至下降;在相同能耗下,长超声时间、低声能密度的超声波处理条件更有利于污泥SCFAs的释放,超声时间影响更显著;污泥中释放的SCFAs以乙酸及丙酸为主。在超声波释放剩余污泥SCFAs过程中自由基效应及热效应皆不显著,机械效应起最主要作用。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.