家具涂料的挥发性有机物排放特征及致癌风险估算

采用顶空实验装置采集家具涂料挥发蒸汽,通过不锈钢采样罐-气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)分析系统测量了溶剂型和水型涂料的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征。结果表明,溶剂型涂料排放的总VOCs平均质量浓度为7.6mg/m3,远高于水型涂料的2.6mg/m3。溶剂型和水型涂料排放的VOCs主要以芳香烃和烷烃为主。溶剂型涂料和水型涂料排放的特征VOCs组分为甲苯、2-甲基戊烷、苯、正辛烷,分别占两种涂料总VOCs排放的41.8%(质量分数,下同)和31.2%、21.2%和9.6%、6.5%和5.6%、6.0%和4.8%。溶剂型涂料排放VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次气溶胶生成潜势(SOAP)明显高于水型涂料,OFP和SOAP的主要贡献组分均为芳香烃物质。溶剂型涂料排放的苯的长期致癌风险是水型涂料的2.6~4.6倍,均远远高于可接受的暴露风险值1×10-6。     

上海市机动车尾气VOCs组成及其化学反应活性

采用钢罐采样-气相色谱/质谱法,采集并分析了上海市主要交通干道和隧道废气样品中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染水平。分析结果表明,交通干道和隧道废气样品的总挥发性有机污染物(TVOC)质量浓度分别为(227.1±40.9)、(2209.9±1228.0)μg/m3;隧道废气样品中的TVOC浓度是交通干道平均浓度的4.3～15.2倍;交通干道废气样品中VOCs主要组分与隧道废气样品中VOCs主要组分非常类似,说明交通干道废气样品中VOCs主要来源于机动车尾气排放。交通干道废气样品中TVOC的.OH消耗速率为(17.21±4.49)s-1,延安东路隧道和打浦路隧道废气样品中TVOC的.OH消耗速率分别为(300.37±120.78)、(138.09±25.30)s-1,烯烃对TVOC的.OH消耗速率贡献最大,其对废气化学反应活性贡献率在70%以上。交通干道和隧道废气样品中关键活性组分是C2～C5的烯烃组分,这些组分也是机动车尾气中的特征污染物,因此可以判断机动车尾气是上海市大气化学反应活性的最大贡献者。     

中山市大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

为深入了解中山市挥发性有机物(VOCs)来源及对臭氧的影响，基于2021年1—12月VOCs在线监测数据，对大气VOCs体积分数、组分特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和来源情况进行了研究。结果表明：中山市大气VOCs体积分数日均值为2.61×10^-9～1.14×10^-7,年均值为2.18×10^-8,其中，烷烃是占比最大的组分，占60.0%,其次是芳香烃和烯烃，分别占25.9%和9.3%。除乙烯外，臭氧污染日前十物种体积分数较非污染日上升6%～49%。中山市OFP平均值为228.43μg/m³,其中，芳香烃和烯烃是贡献率较高的组分，间/对二甲苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯和异戊二烯等是关键活性物种。VOCs主要来源有机动车排放源、油气挥发源、工业源、燃烧源、溶剂使用源、天然源。溶剂使用源和工业源是OFP贡献率最高的污染源，贡献率分别为25.5%和24.0%,燃烧源、油气挥发源、天然源和机动车排放源贡献率分别为14.1%、13.3%、11.6%和11.5%。     

成都市夏季大气挥发性有机物污染及其对二次有机气溶胶生成的贡献

于2014年7月8日至8月13日在成都市城区和工业区选取两个点位开展挥发性有机物(VOCs)样品采集工作,分析结果显示,成都市夏季城区大气中VOCs质量浓度在34.1~458.8μg/m3,平均值为(137.3±91.8)μg/m3;工业区大气中VOCs质量浓度在26.7~474.9μg/m3,平均值为(135.9±103.5)μg/m3。早高峰时段(7:00~10:00)两个点位VOCs的浓度水平均高于其他时段,说明VOCs浓度受机动车排放的影响较为明显。用·OH消耗速率和臭氧生成潜势评估VOCs大气化学反应活性,结果显示,芳香烃和烯烃是影响大气化学反应活性的关键组分。城区和工业区的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成潜势分别为4.859、4.559μg/m3,芳香烃不仅是臭氧生成潜势的关键活性组分,同时也是SOA的重要前体物。     

山西省典型炼焦企业化产工段挥发性有机物排放特征及臭氧生成潜势

选取山西省某典型焦化企业化产工段的冷鼓工序、洗脱苯工序、脱硫工序、压滤车间4个工序,采样监测其挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征,并运用等效丙烯浓度法和最大增量反应活性(MIR)法综合评价其VOCs的化学反应活性和臭氧生成潜势。结果表明:(1)冷鼓工序、洗脱苯工序、脱硫工序、压滤车间4个工序共检测出32种VOCs,各工序的总VOCs分别为64 809.50、4 933.80、4 610.20、6 346.90μg/m~3。(2)4个工序检出的VOCs物种均以芳香烃和卤代烃为主,其中芳香烃以苯、甲苯、二甲苯为主,卤代烃以1,2-二氯乙烷为主。(3)芳香烃为4个工序中化学反应活性最大的污染物质,且各工序中1,2,4-三甲苯和1,3,5-三甲苯均有较高的化学反应活性和臭氧生成潜势。(4)在排放浓度和臭氧生成潜势方面,冷鼓工序的贡献均为最大,是化产工段需要进行VOCs治理的重点工序。     

上海城郊大气挥发性有机物污染特征、活性组分及风险评估

为了解上海城郊大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的时空污染特征及其对人体潜在健康风险,选取上海某城郊10个点位进行连续6年(2012—2017年)的采样分析。结果表明,上海该城郊大气VOCs平均质量浓度为(243.80±151.52)μg/m3,其中烷烃、卤代烃、芳香烃、含氧VOCs和不饱和脂肪烃依次占VOCs总浓度的45.72%、20.04%、18.84%、11.19%、4.21%。上海郊区不同功能区VOCs总浓度年际变化趋势较为一致,总体呈下降趋势;在空间上,化工区主干道路附近的两采样点VOCs质量浓度最高,分别为307.81、340.97μg/m~3。O3生成潜势和等效丙烯浓度计算结果显示,芳香烃为上海城郊大气中最主要的活性物种,且关键活性组分为甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和异丁烷等。上海城郊大气中27种风险VOCs的总致癌风险值为3.02×10~(-4),高于可接受限值(1.00×10~(-4)),长期暴露可能有致癌风险。     

四川省制鞋行业挥发性有机物成分谱研究

为探究四川省制鞋行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要组分,通过现场采样的方法,对四川省整鞋制造、中大底制造、改性橡胶鞋底制造、橡胶鞋底制造、鞋跟制造以及鞋模制造6种制鞋类型企业排放的VOCs进行了采样分析。结果表明:四川省制鞋行业的VOCs成分谱中,含氧化合物和烷烃含量最高。有组织VOCs排名前三的组分为丙酮、二氯甲烷、甲苯,质量分数分别为30.82%、16.04%、11.06%;无组织VOCs排名前三的组分为正戊烷、丙酮、2-甲基戊烷,质量分数分别为20.26%、17.10%、10.31%。     

基于二次有机气溶胶和臭氧生成潜势的河北挥发性有机物优控物种研究

为研究河北大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)对臭氧(O₃)及二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成的影响，利用2021年4—10月河北11个地市VOCs的监测数据，对河北VOCs污染特征及其关键活性组分进行分析研究。结果表明，观测期间河北VOCs平均体积分数为36.16×10^-9,低碳的醛酮类和低碳的烷烃是河北VOCs的主要构成物种。VOCs高值区主要集中在河北中南部沧州、衡水、邯郸、石家庄等地，北部城市秦皇岛、张家口VOCs浓度较低。监测期间，河北O₃生成潜势(OFP)为259.67μg/m³,SOA生成潜势为0.61μg/m³,其中衡水OFP最高，达302.96μg/m³,石家庄SOA生成潜势最高，达0.92μg/m³。甲苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯对OFP及SOA生成潜势的贡献均较大，是O₃和大气颗粒物协同控制的优控VOCs物种。     

绍兴城区夏季大气挥发性有机物特征、来源及大气反应活性

研究了2019年夏季(8月)绍兴城区的烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、芳烃、卤代烃、含氧挥发性有机物(VOCs)、腈7类共98种VOCs的特征、来源及大气反应活性。结果表明,7类VOCs的平均质量浓度由大到小依次为烷烃(24.29μg/m3)卤代烃(17.17μg/m3)芳烃(15.89μg/m3)含氧VOCs(14.72μg/m3)烯烃(4.06μg/m3)炔烃(1.23μg/m3)腈(0.27μg/m3)。烃、腈和卤代烃白天浓度低,夜间浓度高,含氧VOCs基本上终日保持稳定。白天交通排放的贡献较为显著;夜间除交通排放外,挥发性有机溶剂的使用对绍兴城区夏季VOCs也有重要影响。此外,VOCs在一定程度上受到了长距离气团传输的影响,也存在一定的老化现象。烯烃、芳烃是绍兴城区夏季最具大气反应活性的VOCs。     

混合生活垃圾恶臭特性及评估方法研究

总结了不同区域、不同时段生活垃圾的恶臭特性,发现恶臭特性受垃圾组分、处理处置工艺等因素影响较大,垃圾中转站的主要恶臭组分为乙酸乙酯、甲苯、乙苯等挥发性有机物(VOCs)及氨气,填埋场恶臭组分中含硫化合物和含氧化合物浓度高,堆肥场恶臭组分中苯系物和烃类浓度较高,焚烧厂恶臭组分主要为苯系物。基于复杂多变的生活垃圾恶臭特性,采用综合评分法评价恶臭的环境影响程度,对已报道的生活垃圾恶臭组分进行综合评价,发现生活垃圾降解过程释放的恶臭组分中,二甲二硫、硫化氢、甲硫醇、萘、1,3,5-三甲苯、甲硫醚、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯和α-蒎烯等是混合生活垃圾优先控制的恶臭污染物。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.