低温真空蒸发处理垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液

采用纳滤(NF)和反渗透(RO)工艺处理垃圾渗滤液会产生污染物浓度极高的膜浓缩液。膜浓缩液是一种有毒有害的高浓度有机废水,可生化性差、极难处理,需要选择一种经济有效的浓缩液处理技术。采用低温真空蒸发方法,对膜浓缩液进行蒸发处理。在膜浓缩液水质特征分析的基础上,通过改变膜浓缩液的pH、蒸发温度和蒸发率,分析冷凝液中的COD、NH_3-N、TDS和pH的变化规律。结果表明:1)膜浓缩液初始pH对冷凝液中COD和NH_3-N有较大影响。酸性条件下,冷凝液中COD的浓度相对较高,而NH_3-N的含量很低;碱性条件下,冷凝液中COD的浓度很低,而NH_3-N的含量较高;2)随着蒸发温度的升高,冷凝液的pH、TDS和NH_3-N增加,在70℃达到最大值,继而下降。冷凝液中UV254随着蒸发温度的升高而增加,COD随着蒸发温度的升高而减少;3)在蒸发初期,冷凝液中TDS与NH_3-N含量较高,进一步提高蒸发率,TDS与NH_3-N含量有所降低,至蒸发后期,两者含量略有上升;4)冷凝液中TDS主要来自蒸发进入冷凝液的NH_3-N,冷凝液的TDS浓度与NH_3-N浓度密切相关。本研究有利于拓宽浓缩液处理的途径,为实际应用蒸发处理技术提供有益指导。     

pH和负压对生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液蒸发处理的影响

生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑渗沥液含有弱电解质类的挥发性污染物,pH和压强是影响其蒸发过程中气液相分布的主要因素,实验研究了蒸发操作压强及渗沥液初始pH对蒸发冷凝液中污染物分配的影响.结果表明,操作压强16～39kPa对冷凝液的组成基本没有影响;而pH的变化则改变了挥发性弱电解质类污染物在渗沥液中的存在形态,进而显著地改变了其在冷凝液中的分配情况.当渗沥液的初始pH为5时,冷凝液主要成份为挥发性有机酸和低碳醇类物质,不含氨氮;pH＞10时,冷凝液中挥发性有机酸减少,氨氮增加.渗沥液原液经一级蒸发可显著改善其可处理性.     

中和处理后的黄姜皂素水解废液污染物蒸发规律研究

采用常压蒸发法处理经中和后的黄姜皂素水解废液,通过定时分批截留冷凝液并测定其COD、氨氮和挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度,研究蒸发过程中污染物的蒸发规律。结果表明:蒸发初期(0~130 min)冷凝液中COD和氨氮浓度较高;蒸发中期(130~310min)冷凝液中COD和氨氮浓度较低,但随蒸发时间的延长缓慢升高,蒸发后期(310~400min)冷凝液中COD和氨氮快速升高;蒸发后期COD和氨氮的蒸出量占比最高,分别为78.46%、86.45%,但蒸发后期冷凝液体积仅占冷凝液总体积的28.3%。冷凝液中VFAs主要为乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸,且VFAs分子结构越复杂,蒸发性能越好;蒸发中、后期冷凝液中VFAs对COD的贡献率为50%~76%,可降低黄姜皂素水解废液后续生化处理的难度。     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液蒸发浓缩处理

垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液因水质复杂,NH3-N、COD和电解质含量高等特点,成为一种难处理有机废水。采用负压蒸发浓缩法对渗滤液及电絮凝预处理渗滤液的处理进行了对比研究,并考查了浓缩比、pH等因素的影响。研究结果表明,电絮凝预处理不能改变渗滤液中COD、NH3-N的蒸发去除规律,即蒸发处理过程中,蒸发冷凝液中COD在蒸发前期和后期含量较高,蒸发中期较低;而NH3-N含量在蒸发处理前期较高,中后期含量较低。pH对蒸发处理影响较大,在酸性pH下COD去除率较低,但NH3-N去除率较高,可达95%以上,而在中碱性pH下,COD去除率增高,NH3-N去除率降低。渗滤液及电絮凝预处理渗滤液的一次蒸发冷凝液,经过二次蒸发处理后,冷凝液中COD和NH3-N含量均能达到一级排放标准,即分别低于100 mg/L和15 mg/L。     

臭氧氧化法深度处理生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液

采用臭氧氧化法对生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液经生化处理后的废水(称沥滤液生化处理水)进行深度处理。实验结果表明,COD降解速率随废水pH的提高明显增加,其中pH=10.5时的COD降解速率常数约为pH=4时的5.8倍。在臭氧投量为52.92 mg/min、pH=10.5的条件下反应70 min后,UV254和COD去除率分别达到84.7%和59.3%。向反应体系投加叔丁醇后COD去除率下降了约15%,由羟自由基氧化去除的COD占总COD去除量的26.7%。毒性实验结果表明,沥滤液生化处理水的96 h-EC50为38%,经臭氧氧化进一步处理后出水的96 h-EC50为77%,表明经臭氧深度处理后沥滤液生化处理水的毒性明显降低。     

EGSB反应器处理城市生活垃圾沥滤液

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器对城市生活垃圾焚烧厂产生的垃圾沥滤液进行处理。实验结果表明:中温条件下,当COD浓度为55 000 mg/L左右,有机容积负荷(OLR)为22.8 kg COD/(m3.d)时,EGSB对垃圾沥滤液具有较好的的处理效果,COD去除率可达94.2%。当进水COD为72 000 mg/L左右时,为保证反应器的稳定运行,OLR应降低至18.2 kg COD/(m3.d),此时COD去除率可以达到88%左右,出水COD平均为9 103 mg/L。垃圾沥滤液和EGSB处理出水均以小分子量有机物为主,其中<4 kDa的有机物分别占76.5%和74.4%。EGSB对整个分子量区间的溶解性有机物都有较好的处理效果,其中对大分子有机物的处理效率相对更高。     

蒸发法处理不同填埋龄垃圾渗滤液中的有机物

采用蒸发浓缩法处理早期、中期和晚期垃圾渗滤液,研究渗滤液的COD和TOC的蒸发规律,并对不同填埋龄渗滤液及蒸发分离出的冷凝液进行三维荧光特性分析。结果显示,垃圾渗滤液中蒸发前段COD和TOC的蒸发量较大、蒸发中段大幅度降低、蒸发后段又略有升高,冷凝液中COD和TOC呈一定的正相关性(相关系数R=0.999 9);渗滤液DOM组分随填埋时间的推移发生显著变化,易生物降解的色氨酸类物质和与微生物代谢有关的溶解性微生物副产物逐渐转化为大分子、难降解的富里酸类和胡敏酸类物质;随着蒸发过程的进行,色氨酸类物质与溶解性微生物副产物逐渐进入冷凝液,而富里酸类和胡敏酸类物质均不会进入冷凝液,起到明显的分离作用。由此可见,早期垃圾渗滤液主要为小分子类有机物,不适合用蒸发法处理,对主要为大分子、难降解类物质的中晚期垃圾渗滤液较适合采用蒸发法处理。     

蒸发浓缩预处理黄姜皂素水解废液

针对黄姜皂素水解废液有机物浓度高、酸度高、可生化性差等特点,采用常压蒸发浓缩法预处理黄姜皂素水解废液,研究了初始pH值和浓缩倍数对废液主要污染物蒸发浓缩效果的影响。结果表明:初始pH值对蒸出液COD、氨氮、VFA浓度变化影响较大。pH7时,COD和乙酸浓度分别由4 045 mg·L~(-1)、1 742 mg·L~(-1)快速降低到980 mg·L~(-1)、82.9 mg·L~(-1);氨氮浓度在25 mg·L~(-1)处波动;pH7时,COD浓度在1 000 mg·L~(-1)处波动,乙酸由82.9 mg·L~(-1)缓慢降低到6.4 mg·L~(-1),氨氮浓度由26.2 mg·L~(-1)快速升高到207 mg·L~(-1)。浓缩倍数对蒸出液污染物浓度影响也很大。浓缩2~10倍,COD、氨氮、乙酸浓度分别由980、26.2、82.9 mg·L~(-1)升高到3 372、141、2 250 mg·L~(-1),对应占其污染物总量的百分比由0.66%、1.91%、1.46%升高到4.08%、18.5%、71.5%。考虑工艺设备耐腐蚀性、蒸发能耗、耗时和处理效果等因素,选择初始pH=7、浓缩5~7倍比较适宜。蒸出液经过适当处理可做工艺回用水,达到废水处理资源化、减量化的目的。     

"老龄期"填埋场渗滤液COD蒸发规律研究

"老龄期"填埋场渗滤液由于可生化性差而难于处理.采用常规蒸发、减压蒸发和载气蒸发处理不同pH值的"老龄期"渗滤液.实验结果表明,3种蒸发方式下,冷凝液COD下降过程中均存在明显的浓度转折点,转折点之后COD维持较低水平,为"老龄期"渗滤液的"三分处理法"提供理论依据.与常规蒸发相比,减压蒸发和载气蒸发的前期冷凝液COD较高,且浓度转折点偏后.     

厌氧折流板调节池预处理垃圾转运站压滤液的中试研究

建立了中试规模的厌氧折流板调节池,用于转运站垃圾压滤液的现场预处理。转运站垃圾压滤液具有高有机污染物浓度、水质变化剧烈和pH值较低等特点,当进水COD浓度为50 000 mg/L～80 000 mg/L,厌氧折流板反应器能稳定实现出水COD=25 000 mg/L左右,总氮去除率30%～40%,总磷去除率70%,抗冲击能力和低pH值进水运行稳定性良好。厌氧折流板调节池发生酸化后,综合采用了多种措施加以调控。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.