焦化厂污染土壤堆肥修复过程的毒性变化

以北京某焦化厂污染土壤为研究对象,按照5∶1的比例添加锯末后加入5%的草炭进行好氧堆肥,通过对污染土壤堆肥处理过程中16种PAHs的降解率、CAT值、SOM值、土壤毒性、pH和TN值的变化规律进行比较,研究添加草炭好氧堆肥对实际有机污染土壤中PAHs的降解效果。研究结果表明,(1)添加草炭好氧堆肥能有效降解有机污染土壤中PAHs,堆肥49 d后,EPA优控的16种PAHs总值从1 085.42 mg/kg降低到71.10 mg/kg,总降解率为93.27%。(2)焦化厂土壤中PAHs浓度较高的分别为荧蒽、菲、芴、苯并(a)蒽、芘、蒽和苯并(k)荧蒽,它们的和占Σ16PAHs总量的73.56%,其中荧蒽的含量最高,浓度为186.913 mg/kg。这7种PAHs的经过49 d添加草炭堆肥后降解率分别为95.67%、93.52%、92.22%、93.12%、93.01%、95.19%和96.24%。(3)通过有机质值和Σ16PAHs总量作图发现,有机质值和Σ16PAHs总量有一定的相关性,这表明在堆肥过程中,微生物在PAHs降解过程中起到很大的作用。     

济南市环境空气VOCs的化学反应活性及关键活性组分研究

对济南市2010年6月—2012年5月环境空气中55种VOCs监测数据进行分析,研究其反应活性及关键活性组分。结果表明,济南市环境空气VOCs的LOH和OFP的月变化规律与其月浓度变化趋势一致,夏季环境空气VOCs的浓度、LOH和OFP较大,是容易发生复合型大气污染的时段;济南市环境空气VOCs化学活性与其混合比之间具有良好的线性相关性,表明济南市环境空气中VOCs的化学组成具有一定的稳定性;VOCs的平均KOH远远超过乙烯的KOH,MIR与乙烯相当,说明济南市环境空气VOCs的化学反应活性较强;烯烃体积分数远远小于烷烃,但化学反应活性贡献率最高,且顺-二丁烯、丙烯、乙烯、丁烯、反-二丁烯、异戊二烯、苯乙烯、2-甲基-1-戊烯、顺-二戊烯、间,对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、甲苯、1,2,4-三甲基苯和环戊烷为济南市关键活性组分,因此,济南市高活性VOCs物种为烯烃,同时芳香烃和环戊烷对环境空气活性的贡献也不容忽视。     

杭州市冬春季大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃的粒径分布特征及细胞毒性研究

为了解杭州市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的粒径分布特征和主要来源,于2015年12月至2016年5月在杭州市某商住区采集了不同粒径的大气细颗粒物样品,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪对其中的PAHs进行分析,并进行了细胞毒性试验。结果表明,不同粒径大气细颗粒物中PAHs的总浓度冬季均明显高于春季。冬春两季的PAHs环数粒径分布基本呈现出4环5环3环6环2环。通过特征比值法判定,杭州市大气细颗粒物中的PAHs主要来源于燃烧源和机动车尾气排放。细胞毒性试验结果表明,粒径越小的大气细颗粒物对细胞的毒性作用越强,对细胞膜损伤程度越大。     

某电子垃圾拆解园周边农田土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及风险评估

研究了某电子垃圾拆解园周边151个农田土壤样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征和环境风险。结果表明,125个表层土壤样品中PAHs总质量浓度在149.0~2.0×104μg/kg,均值为1 805.5μg/kg,随着剖面土壤深度增加,PAHs含量总体呈递减趋势。通过来源解析,电子拆解园周围土壤中PAHs污染主要由废弃的电子电器元件的粗放燃烧和汽车尾气排放共同引起。土壤风险评估表明,7种类二噁英毒性PAHs的毒性当量(TEQPAH)在6.000×10-5~0.689pg TEQ/g,平均值为0.015pg TEQ/g;苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘致癌风险率超出百万分之一的样本比例分别为20.53%、6.62%、1.99%、2.65%、2.65%,其中采样点1、68两个点位表层土壤的苯并(b)荧蒽致癌风险率超过了万分之一。     

北京西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布

2012年3-8月对北京西三环地区大气颗粒物进行分级采样,利用气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)联用仪对颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行测定.结果表明,检出的16种PAHs总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)平均为46.73ng/m3;苯并[a]蒽(BaA)等6种单体浓度与∑16PAHs呈良好线性关系；PAHs粒径分布特征表明,其更易富集在细颗粒物上；不同环数PAHs分布特征为:3环＞4环＞5环＞6环＞2环,随着颗粒粒径减小,高环数PAHs含量增加.温度、湿度和紫外线(UV)指数与∑16PAHs呈负相关.通过特征化合物比值分析法对PAHs进行源解析发现,采样期间PAHs主要来源为燃烧源,交通源影响微弱.     

高效液相色谱法测定南昌市环境空气PM10中16种多环芳烃

建立了以二极管阵列检测器和荧光检测器串联的高效液相色谱分析方法,在标样未完全分离的情况下,采用双激发波长有效地改善了色谱分离条件.在设定的色谱条件下,各种多环芳烃(PAHs)的检出限为0.11～39.83μg/L,平均回收率为76.7%～98.3%,相对标准偏差为3.6%～12.6%.在南昌市布设4个环境空气采样点,测定PM10中PAHs含量.结果表明,八一广场、南昌市区二中老校区和罗家集区苯并(a)芘日均质量浓度最大值均超过<环境空气质量标准>(GB 3095-1996)的限值,PAHs污染状况较严重.     

环境污染与防治网络版论文摘要

广州市荔湾区大气 PM10 与PAHs的粒径分布研究唐小玲　毕新慧　谭吉华王歆华　盛国英　傅家谟(中科院广州地球化学研究所有机地球化学国家重点实验室 ,广东省环境资源利用与保护重点实验室 ,广东广州 5 10 6 4 0 )分析了广州市荔湾区 4个季度的大气颗粒物样品的PAHs组分。结果表明 :附载在小颗粒上的 PAHs明显高于粗颗粒 ,粒径≤ 0 .4 9μm、≤ 1.5 μm颗粒上的 PAHs分别占PM1 0 中 PAHs的 4 7.5 %、85 .2 % ;PAHs随着分子量的减少 ,在粗颗粒上的相对含量增加 ;除高挥发性的化合物以外 ,高温季节 PAHs优于富集在≤ 0 .4 9μm单位…     

PAHs污染土壤的热修复可行性

以某煤制气厂污染场地中16种US EPA优先控制多环芳烃(Σ16 PAHs)为目标污染物进行了热修复批量实验和可行性实验。热修复批量实验结果表明,当热修复温度为400℃、加热时间为8 h时,土壤中的Σ16 PAHs去除率达99.9%。热修复可行性实验选择重污染、中污染和轻污染土壤以400℃作为目标温度,恒温72 h进行实验。热修复前后不同程度污染土壤的Σ16 PAHs的总去除率均可达到99.9%,但重污染土壤浓度非常高,部分苯并类物质未达到修复目标值,需进一步延长加热时间或提高加热温度保证达到修复目标值。土壤土工参数影响分析结果表明,热修复后土壤颗粒粒径呈增大趋势,土壤稳定性、抗压强度均增强。此外,土壤中可溶性盐含量增多,盐渍化程度增大。     

东莞市大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1中多环芳烃/正构烷烃的污染特征和来源解析

2011年8月—2012年7月间于东莞市生活区(NC)点和工业区(ZT)点采集大气PM10/PM2.5/PM1样品,并检测分析了颗粒物上的多环芳烃(PAHs)和正构烷烃。粒径分布结果显示,PAHs和正构烷烃均主要富集在PM1上,而正构烷烃富集程度更高。PAHs环数分析结果显示,PM1中主导PAHs为6环,PM1~2.5和PM2.5~10中则为4环。利用特定比值法分析PAHs来源,结果表明,生活区NC点大气颗粒物中PAHs主要来自汽油车尾气、天然气燃烧、燃煤源和烹饪源,而工业区ZT点则主要来自柴油车尾气、燃煤和木材燃烧。通过主峰碳数、碳优势指数、植物蜡贡献率等方法分析正构烷烃来源,结果表明,化石燃料燃烧是东莞市大气颗粒物中正构烷烃的主要贡献源,其次是高等植物蜡排放,贡献率约为10.9%~28.9%。化石燃料燃烧源贡献率对PM1的贡献率明显较PM1~2.5和PM2.5~10高。     

西安大气气相中的多环芳烃

利用PUF被动采样器于2008年8月—2009年7月采集了西安大气样品,研究了大气气相中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量和季节分布特征。结果表明,西安大气气相中16种美国EPA优控的PAHs（Σ16PAHs）质量浓度为10.9-489.6 ng/m3（平均为143.4 ng/m3）,四季具有明显的季节差异,依次为夏季（62.5 ng/m3）〈春季（80.1 ng/m3）〈秋季（175.8 ng/m3）〈冬季（255.2 ng/m3）。气相中PAHs主要以3-4环为主,占总量的86.5%-94.1%。利用主成分分析法判断四季气相中PAHs的污染来源类型,主要为燃煤和机动车尾气及生物质燃烧的复合源。     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Trace Metals in Upland Headwater Lakes in Ireland

Trace elements (n = 23) in Irish headwater lakes (n = 126) were investigated to determine their ambient concentrations, fractionation (total, dissolved, and non-labile), and geochemical controls. Lakes were generally located in remote upland, acid-sensitive regions along the coastal margins of the country. Total trace metal concentrations were low, within the range of natural pristine surface waters; however, some lakes (~20 %) had inorganic labile aluminum and manganese at levels potentially harmful to aquatic organisms. Redundancy analysis indicated that geochemical weathering was the dominant controlling factor for total metals, compared with acidity for dissolved metals. In addition, many metals were positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon indicating their affinity (or complexation) with humic substances (e.g., aluminum, iron, mercury, lead). However, a number of trace metals (e.g., aluminum, mercury, zinc) were correlated with anthropogenic acidic deposition (i.e., non-marine sulfate), suggesting atmospheric sources or elevated leaching owing to acidic deposition. As transboundary air pollution continues to decline, significant changes in the cycling of trace metals is anticipated.     

Multi-Decadal Changes in Snow Characteristics in Sub-Arctic Sweden

A unique long term, 49-year record (divided into three time periods 1961–1976, 1977–1992, and 1993–2009) of snow profile stratigraphy from the Swedish sub Arctic, was analyzed with a focus on changes in snow characteristics. The data set contained grain size, snow layer hardness, grain compactness, and snow layer dryness, observed every second week during the winter season. The results showed an increase in very hard snow layers, with harder snow in early winter and more moist snow during spring. There was a striking increase in the number of observations with very hard snow at ground level over time. More than twice as many occasions with hard snow at ground level were observed between 1993 and 2009 compared to previous years, which may have a significant effect on plants and animals. The changes in snow characteristics are most likely a result of the increasing temperatures during the start and the end of the snow season.     

Pesticide distribution in an agricultural environment in Argentina

An assessment of the off-site migration of pesticides from agricultural activity into the environment in the Neuquen River Valley was performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of pesticides in several compartments of a small agricultural sub-catchment. Soil, surface water, shallow groundwater and drift deposition were analyzed for pesticide residues. Results showed the presence of some pesticide residues in soil, surface water and shallow groundwater compartments. The highest detection frequencies in water (surface and subsurface) were found for azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos (>70%). In terms of concentration, the highest levels were observed in shallow groundwater for azinphos methyl (22.5 μg/L) and carbaryl (45.7 μg/L). In the soil, even before the application period had started, accumulation of residues was present. These residues increased during the period studied. Spray drift during pesticide application was found to be a significant pathway for the migration of pesticide residues in surface water, while leaching and preferential flows were the main transport routes contributing to subsurface contamination.