不同比例乙酸和丙酸对活性污泥微生物合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯的影响

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)是一种生物可降解塑料,利用活性污泥合成PHA具有节约成本、操作方便的优点。研究选择污泥发酵液挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)中比重相对较高的乙酸和丙酸作为碳源自配营养液,深入研究不同质量浓度比对PHA合成的影响。结果表明,乙酸为主要碳源时更有利于PHA的合成,最大合成量12.3%出现在乙酸作为唯一碳源的条件下。此外,PHA合成量随着底物中有机酸比重的增加而增加,充分展现了利用挥发性脂肪酸大量合成PHA的良好前景。     

挥发性脂肪酸对厌氧干式发酵产甲烷的影响

为了提高中温干式厌氧间歇发酵效率,研究了发酵过程中间产物———挥发性脂肪酸对产甲烷的影响。实验分2批进行,第1批在牛粪发酵过程中分别添加乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,第2批发酵添加易产生挥发酸的厨余垃圾混合发酵。结果显示,添加单一挥发酸的发酵过程中,添加丙酸的产甲烷速度较慢,因为丙酸降解生成乙酸的速度较慢,减慢了甲烷的形成;混合发酵过程厨余垃圾产甲烷速度比牛粪快,发酵过程产生2个产气高峰;牛粪和厨余垃圾固体物质含量比在11∶1到5∶1范围内较好,比牛粪单独发酵产气多,产酸高但不酸败,产生的挥发酸主要是乙酸和丙酸,其中比例为7∶1混合发酵的产甲烷速率最大,为4.89 mL/(g VS·d)。实验表明,牛粪厌氧干式发酵过程添加一定量的厨余垃圾可加快挥发酸的产生并提高挥发酸产量,从而提高甲烷的产量,但是总挥发酸长时间超过10 000 mg/L,pH降到不适于产甲烷菌生长的范围时,将抑制甲烷的生成,挥发酸积累导致厌氧发酵酸败。     

碳源对反硝化除磷效能及N_2O产生的长期影响

基于碳源对反硝化除磷效能以及N2O产生机制尚未明确的现状,采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧序批式反应器(An/A/O-SBR),考察了碳源(乙酸、丙酸和两者的混合酸(摩尔比为1∶1))对反硝化除磷效能和污泥形态的长期影响。结果发现,混合酸系统脱氮除磷效果最稳定,氮和磷平均去除率分别为67.7%和87.0%;而乙酸和丙酸系统较不稳定,氮和磷平均去除率分别为97.6%、51.0%和41.9%、100.0%。混合酸系统检测到明显的N2O释放,而乙酸和丙酸系统的N2O产率较低。     

蓝藻定向发酵产丁酸的条件研究

以4种有机酸(乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸)对厌氧颗粒污泥进行胁迫处理,将胁迫后的污泥接种太湖蓝藻进行发酵产丁酸的实验,考察单一有机酸及混合有机酸胁迫对提高蓝藻厌氧发酵产丁酸的影响.结果表明,采用乳酸浓度2 g/L、乙酸浓度6 g/L、丙酸浓度5 g/L和丁酸浓度12 g/L的混合有机酸胁迫污泥后产丁酸效果最佳,获得的最大丁...     

干式厌氧消化过程挥发酸对硫酸盐还原菌的影响

在牛粪干式厌氧消化过程中,通过添加不同挥发酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸),考察消化稳定阶段,挥发性脂肪酸的分布特征,挥发性脂肪酸酸组成变化对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的影响,微生物种群组成和种群间关系。实验结果表明,挥发性脂肪酸对SRB还原速率的贡献依次为:丙酸丁酸乙酸。相比乙酸和丁酸,添加一定量的丙酸,更有利于激活SRB的活性,从而加强SRB与产甲烷菌(MB)的种间协同,保证厌氧系统的稳定运行。     

不同碳源和泥龄对反硝化聚磷的影响

在4个SBR装置(1#~4#)中,对4种不同比例的丙酸/乙酸合成废水采用厌氧/缺氧方式驯化富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),研究了碳源浓度和污泥龄对除磷的影响。实验结果表明:(1)厌氧段碳源COD浓度越高,释磷越充分,溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除率越高;但当碳源COD浓度超过某个浓度值时,未反应完全的有机物残留于后续缺氧段对缺氧吸磷产生抑制作用。(2)污泥龄SRT=15 d时,活性污泥的性能较好,达到了较好的除磷效果。(3)在相同碳源浓度和相同的污泥龄下,随着丙酸/乙酸比例的提高,SOP的去除率逐渐的降低。说明在厌氧/缺氧环境下,碳源中丙酸比例的提高不利于系统中磷的去除。高乙酸含量的碳源更适合反硝化除磷系统。     

不同碳源条件下聚磷菌代谢特性

利用2套SBR系统在厌氧好氧交替条件下对聚磷菌(phosphorus accumulating organisms,PAO)进行富集,分别采用乙酸和丙酸作为碳源。通过对典型周期内磷酸盐,聚羟基烷酸(polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs),糖原和多聚磷酸盐变化情况的分析,探讨了不同碳源下,聚磷菌胞内碳源物质的代谢机理以及其对于生物除磷的影响。结果表明,以乙酸为碳源时,PHAs的合成量和分解量都要高于丙酸为碳源,且PHAs主要成分以聚-β-羟丁酸(poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)为主,污泥的比释磷速率和比吸磷速率都要高于丙酸为碳源的情况。     

限氮和限磷对活性污泥合成聚羟基烷酸的影响

聚羟基烷酸(PHA)是微生物在不平衡营养条件下贮存的一种胞内聚合物,限磷和限氮两种方式均有助于活性污泥中的混合菌群合成PHA,研究考察了两种不同方式下活性污泥合成PHA的情况。实验结果表明,当C∶N为125时,活性污泥中PHA的合成量达到细胞干重的59%;当C∶P为750时,活性污泥积累的最大PHA含量占细胞干重的37%,说明限氮和限磷两种方式对活性污泥合成PHA均有很大影响,且限氮方式更有效。     

有机负荷对ABR处理疫病动物尸骸废水的产酸及产甲烷特性影响

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理疫病动物尸骸废水,研究了不同进水有机负荷对其产酸及产甲烷特性的影响。结果表明,进水有机负荷由0.9 g/(L·d)升至8.1 g/(L·d)时,COD最终去除率达87%以上;负荷进一步提高至11.9 g/(L·d)时,各格室中最终VFAs积累总量分别达到4 320、3 420和2 510 mg/L,COD去除率降至61%。反应器内主要产酸类型为乙酸型,其次为丙酸和丁酸,随着负荷的提高,逐渐出现少量异戊酸、戊酸、己酸和异己酸。乙酸平均百分含量随负荷的升高而降低,丙酸和丁酸则反之。当进水负荷为4.6 g/(L·d),3个格室甲烷产率分别达到最大值:0.33、0.32和0.33 L/g。当负荷高于8.1 g/(L·d)时,总VFAs、丙酸和丁酸的积累成为厌氧产甲烷过程的抑制因素。     

厌氧发酵方式对乳渣废水产酸性能的影响

为了研究厌氧发酵方式对乳渣废水发酵产酸效果的影响,分别对乳渣废水采用自然型发酵、填料型发酵及中性型发酵(pH=7.0±0.2),并进行连续2个周期的厌氧反应。分析乳渣废水中可溶性化学需氧量(SCOD)、蛋白质、多糖、挥发性短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)、水解酶(蛋白酶、α-葡萄苷酶)和辅酶420、NH_4~+-N及PO3-4-P指标的变化。研究发现,中性产酸系统中水解酶活性较高,蛋白质和多糖等物质水解性能较好,使乳渣废水产酸性能最佳,最大SCFAs积累量为12 328.37 mgCOD·L~(-1)。自然发酵产酸系统中水解酶活性最低,系统中残留大量的蛋白质和多糖等物质,最低SCFAs积累量为4322.61 mg COD·L~(-1)。同时发现,3个发酵系统中挥发性短链脂肪酸酸成分具有显著差别,其中自然型发酵系统乙酸积累率最大,可达69.70%,中性发酵系统丙酸积累率最大可达49.27%,填料型发酵系统正丁酸积累率最大可达38.85%。     

利用气相色谱法测定剩余污泥厌氧消化产生的混合VFA

厌氧消化是剩余污泥处理的重要方法,消化过程中会产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)。讨论了气相色谱在恒温条件下对剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中产生乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、正丁酸、异戊酸、正戊酸测定的可行性。结果表明:各种酸出峰时间间隔清晰,易于识别;从数据平行测试的变异系数看,异戊酸的变异系数最大,也仅为3.23%,表明测试方法具有良好的可重复性;回收率实验表明,剩余污泥消化液中各种VFA组分的回收率在96%～105%之间,符合文献规定的测试要求。     

Effect of a starch-rich industrial wastewater on the acid-phase anaerobic digestion process.

This research investigated the effect of varying the starch-rich, industrial-wastewater component of mixtures with municipal wastewater fed to an anaerobic digester. A laboratory-scale, completely-mixed anaerobic digester was operated at an HRT of 30 h, an SRT of 10 d, and an ambient temperature of 21.5 +/- 1.5 degrees C. The industrial-to-municipal ratios tested were 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 100% industrial by volume. Steady-state, acidogenic conditions were achieved for all runs, except 100% industrial. The pH was observed to drop substantially as the industrial constituent of the feed increased. Net volatile fatty acids (VFA) production reached a plateau of approximately 800 mg/L at ratios of 1:1 and higher, while volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction steadily increased as the industrial component rose. The specific VFA and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) production rates leveled off at approximately 0.070 mgVFA/ mgVSS.d and 0.124 mgSCOD/mgVSS.d, respectively, for all the mixtures investigated, except for 100% industrial. In this latter case, both rates dropped dramatically. Finally, acetic and propionic acid concentrations fell as the industrial proportion of the mixture increased. This was compensated by a rise in butyric acid production.     

食品废弃物厌氧消化产乙酸的研究

通过实验,研究了pH、总固体浓度(TS)、碳氮比(C/N)对食品废弃物厌氧消化产乙酸的影响,详细考察了挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的组成和浓度及乙酸浓度随时间的变化规律.结果表明,pH为6.5、TS为7%(质量分数)、C/N为16:1时,总VFA的最大质量浓度为31.56 g/L,乙酸的最大质量浓度为19.46 g/L.     

The contribution of selected organic substrates to the anaerobic cometabolism of sulfamethazine

Biodegradation of organic micropollutants is likely to occur due to cometabolism by particular microbial groups. In an effort to identify the stages of anaerobic digestion potentially involved in the biodegradation of the veterinary antimicrobial sulfamethazine (SMZ), the influence of selected carbon sources (sucrose, glucose, fructose, ethanol, meat extract, cellulose, soluble starch, soy oil, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) on SMZ removal by anaerobic sludge was evaluated in short-term batch experiments. Adsorption to the granular sludge constituted a significant removal mechanism, accounting for 39% of SMZ removal in control experiments. The presence of glucose, fructose, sucrose and meat extract exerted an inducing effect on SMZ degradation, resulting in removal efficiencies of 54, 53, 58 and 61%, respectively, indicating the occurrence of cometabolism. Time courses of sucrose and meat extract degradation revealed markedly distinct organic acid profiles but resulted in similar SMZ removals. Temporal profiles of acetic and propionic acid degradation were not associated with SMZ removal, as changes in SMZ concentration were observed even after the organic acids had been completely removed. The experimental results suggest that SMZ cometabolism is not associated to sucrose hydrolysis, acetoclastic methanogenesis and acetogenesis from propionic acid.     

SBR脱氮系统污泥对磷的去除研究

为了研究缺氧(75 min)-好氧(294 min)交替运行的SBR系统中除磷的原因,采用静态实验,对比了不同碳源、水质及运行环境下对磷的去除情况。实验结果表明,该SBR脱氮系统中的好氧段磷的减少是生物去除的结果。当供给碳源为丙酸-乙酸混合物(摩尔比为2∶1)、葡萄糖、淀粉或蛋白胨时,污泥都可将磷去除,去除效率依次降低;COD/NO3--N为8.77∶1(400 mg/L∶45.6 mg/L)时除磷效果明显好于5.41∶1(400 mg/L∶73.9 mg/L)和3.57∶1(400 mg/L∶112 mg/L);进水磷浓度为8 mg/L时,COD由50 mg/L增加到400 mg/L,污泥对磷的去除效果基本一样;完全的缺氧或完全的好氧环境下,污泥对磷的去除能力逐渐丧失。     

Evaluation of sample recovery of malodorous livestock gases from air sampling bags, solid-phase microextraction fibers, Tenax TA sorbent tubes, and sampling canisters

Odorous gases associated with livestock operations are complex mixtures of hundreds if not thousands of compounds. Research is needed to know how best to sample and analyze these compounds. The main objective of this research was to compare recoveries of a standard gas mixture of 11 odorous compounds from the Carboxen/PDMS 75-microm solid-phase microextraction fibers, polyvinyl fluoride (PVF; Tedlar), fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP; Teflon), foil, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET; Melinex) air sampling bags, sorbent 2,b-diphenylene-oxide polymer resin (Tenax TA) tubes, and standard 6-L Stabilizer sampling canisters after sample storage for 0.5, 24, and 120 (for sorbent tubes only) hrs at room temperature. The standard gas mixture consisted of 7 volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from acetic to hexanoic, and 4 semivolatile organic compounds including p-cresol, indole, 4-ethylphenol, and 2'-aminoacetophenone with concentrations ranging from 5.1 ppb for indole to 1270 ppb for acetic acid. On average, SPME had the highest mean recovery for all 11 gases of 106.2%, and 98.3% for 0.5- and 24-hr sample storage time, respectively. This was followed by the Tenax TA sorbent tubes (94.8% and 88.3%) for 24 and 120 hr, respectively; PET bags (71.7% and 47.2%), FEP bags (75.4% and 39.4%), commercial Tedlar bags (67.6% and 22.7%), in-house-made Tedlar bags (47.3% and 37.4%), foil bags (16.4% and 4.3%), and canisters (4.2% and 0.5%), for 0.5 and 24 hr, respectively. VFAs had higher recoveries than semivolatile organic compounds for all of the bags and canisters. New FEP bags and new foil bags had the lowest and the highest amounts of chemical impurities, respectively. New commercial Tedlar bags had measurable concentrations of N,N-dimethyl acetamide and phenol. Foil bags had measurable concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and hexanoic acids.     

Effect of initial pH control on enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater containing acetic and propionic acids

In the literature most of the studies on the effect of pH on enhanced biological phosphorous removal were conducted with the acetate wastewater, and the pH was controlled during the entire anaerobic and aerobic stages. This paper investigated the influence of anaerobic initial pH control, which will be more practical than the entire process pH control strategy, on enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater containing acetic and propionic acids. Typical pH profile showed that both the initial alkaline and acidic pH tended to neutralize due to the consumption of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and intracellular pH regulation by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). It was observed that the glycogen degradation and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation decreased with increasing initial pH, which disagreed with previous reports. In the literature the metabolisms of both glycogen and PHA by PAOs in the acetate wastewater were independent of pH. An anaerobic mechanism model was proposed to explain the intra- and extra-cellular pH buffer nature of PAOs, and to address the reasons for increased polyphosphate degradation and decreased PHA synthesis and glycogen degradation at higher pH. The optimal initial pH for higher soluble ortho-phosphorus (SOP) removal efficiency should be controlled between 6.4 and 7.2. This pH control strategy will be easier to use in practice of wastewater treatment plant.     

酸-碱处理对剩余污泥水解酸化的影响

剩余污泥中富含有机质和营养元素可回收利用物质,污泥水解酸化液中的有机酸在去除或回收利用氨和磷后可作为进水化学需氧量(COD)不足的污水处理厂的补充碳源。通过控制pH,对比分析了不同处理方式(单独碱处理、酸-碱处理和碱-酸处理)对污泥水解酸化的影响。结果表明,单独碱处理的溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)溶出量比酸碱联合处理要大16%左右,预处理第8天,达到5 406.1 mg/L。采用先酸(pH 4.0,4 d)后碱(pH 10.0,4 d)预处理,乙酸产量达到74.4 mg COD/g VSS,占总SCFAs的60.5%,产量及其占总短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)百分比含量均高于其他预处理方式。且酸-碱处理方式下NO4+-N和PO34--P溶出要优于其他处理方式。而单独碱处理方式下污泥减量效果最好,VSS去除率为36.6%。