二氧化碳储存技术的研究现状和展望

为了减少因温室效应造成的危害,必须大量减少CO2的人为排放.将化石燃料燃烧产生的CO2进行储存(尤其是地下储存)能够长期、有效地阻止大气中CO2浓度的增加.通过对CO2储存技术研究现状的介绍,对中国今后开展CO2地下储存技术提出了建议和研究方向.     

生物法处理NOx废气的研究进展

氮氧化物（NOx）是主要的大气污染物之一，是治理大气污染的一大难题，以当前国内外生物处理NOx的研究现状进行了系统的论述，介绍了生物过滤法处理氮氧化物的基本原理，分析了生物过滤法处理氮氧化物存在的问题，并预测该技术的未来发展趋势。     

微生物固定CO_2的研究进展

ＣＯ２既是对大气“温室效应”影响最大的气体,又是地球上最丰富的碳资源,本文简要综述了微生物固定转化ＣＯ２的研究概况,包括固定ＣＯ２的微生物种类、固定机理、分子生物学研究及其应用,为研究和开发ＣＯ２资源展示了广阔的前景。     

纳米催化技术用于空气净化

纳米催化剂作为新一代高效环保催化剂，在大气污染治理，尤其是在室内空气净化中有着广阔的应用前景。评述了纳米催化技术在光催化空气净化、汽车尾气净化、化石燃料脱硫和降低温室效应等空气净化领域的研究进展，并对应用纳米催化技术净化空气的关键科学问题进行了分析和展望。     

全球大气氧化性研究的回顾与展望

大气氧化性(AOC)是大气氧化的主要驱动力，表现为大气通过氧化反应清除痕量气体并形成二次污染物，是决定大气自净能力的关键因素。羟基自由基(HO·)作为大气氧化过程中的主要参与者，控制多种痕量气体的去除率以及在大气的滞留时间，对全球空气质量和气候有着深远影响。梳理分析了大气HO·的作用机制与环境效应，回顾了大气HO·的研究历史与研究方法，探讨了O₃对大气HO·的影响以及HO·来源的时空分异，预测HO·变化趋势的不确定性，阐述了相关大气污染治理技术和政策，最后提出了当前AOC研究中仍待解决的问题和未来的研究方向，以期为深入探索AOC与二次污染物内在联系提供参考。     

纳米催化技术用于空气净化

纳米催化剂作为新一代高效环保催化剂 ,在大气污染治理 ,尤其是在室内空气净化中有着广阔的应用前景。评述了纳米催化技术在光催化空气净化、汽车尾气净化、化石燃料脱硫和降低温室效应等空气净化领域的研究进展 ,并对应用纳米催化技术净化空气的关键科学问题进行了分析和展望     

生物法处理NOx废气的研究进展

氮氧化物 (NOx)是主要的大气污染物之一 ,是治理大气污染的一大难题。对当前国内外生物处理NOx 的研究现状进行了系统的论述 ,介绍了生物过滤法处理氮氧化物的基本原理 ,分析了生物过滤法处理氮氧化物存在的问题 ,并预测该技术的未来发展趋势     

“三废”治理技术的综合评价——以高炉煤气洗涤水中氰化物治理技术的决策为例

要把保护和改善环境的技术措施付于实践,就必须实现经济效益、社会效益、环境效益和技术可行的统一.为了全面考查这四方面最佳统一,本文以武钢高炉煤气洗涤废水治理技术的决策为例,全面介绍了“三废”治理的综合评价方法.     

大气颗粒物源解析技术研究进展

大气颗粒物源解析技术在环境管理中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文从受体模型、样品的处理技术，源解析技术发展的最新趋势三方面介绍了大气颗粒物源解析技术的研究进展。     

氟氯甲烷的大气环境化学——对大气臭氧浓度的可能影响

在环境污染物轻质卤代烃所属的化合物中,被统称为氟氯甲烷(CFM)的一氟三氯甲烷(F—11)和二氟二氯甲烷(F—12)尤为引人注目。由于化学方面突出的抗降解性,它们在环境中的残留期很长,有人估算其在大气中的停留时间为40—150年。物理方面的高度挥发性和水不溶性,决定了它们在环境中的主要贮圈是大气圈。CFM对地球能量平衡和地球大气的热结构可能具有潜在的重要影响。和大气中的许多微量气体一样,CFM能强烈吸收地面的热辐射,是全球性“温室效应”中起作用的成份。估计低层     

从空气中捕集CO_2的研究现状

从空气中捕集CO2是一项有前途的新CO2减排技术,具有传统CO2减排技术所没有的多项优势。文中首先介绍了从空气中捕集CO2的意义、可行性、吸收剂选择和捕集器设计原则;然后介绍了最新的原型设计及成本预计;最后讨论了该技术的现存问题和对其他技术的启发。     

捕集低浓度二氧化碳的化学吸收工艺及其综合比较

目前CO₂捕集成为减缓全球变暖的重要技术，但是迄今为止没有一种技术能够大规模商业化运行。在现有技术中，化学吸收法最具前景，而化学吸收法中研究最集中的吸收剂为单乙醇胺、哌嗪碳酸钾溶液、离子液和氨水。为了了解各个化学吸收工艺的特点和应用情况，有必要对上述工艺进行综合比较。通过各种吸收剂的特性、工艺特点、研究进展和能耗等方面的比较，显示单乙醇胺工艺成熟度较高，联合氨法工艺前景非常好，而离子液和哌嗪碳酸钾工艺需要进一步研究。     

An evaluation of flare combustion efficiency using open-path Fourier transform infrared technology

Open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) technology was used to evaluate the combustion efficiency of a flare for comparison to several combustion models. Most flares have been considered an effective method for destroying organic compounds and anything that burns. As the Btu content of the flare gas is reduced, the combustion efficiency may also be reduced. Recent studies have suggested that lower Btu flares may have efficiencies as low as 65%. In addition, models have been developed to predict the effect of wind speed and stack discharge velocity on the combustion efficiency. This study was conducted on a low-Btu flare gas that is primarily CO. While the models would predict efficiencies as low as 30%, the sampling using OP-FTIR showed most combustion efficiencies well above 90%. Three methods were used to track combustion efficiency: monitoring the ratio of CO to CO2, monitoring the ratio of CO to tracer gas, and dispersion modeling. This study was complicated by the presence of two flare stacks, thus two tracer gases were used--SF6 and CF4. A method was developed for distinguishing between the two stacks and quantifying the efficiency in each stack.     

Growth responses of Populus tremuloides clones to interacting elevated carbon dioxide and tropospheric ozone.

The Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) are increasing concomitantly globally. Little is known about the effect of these interacting gases on growth, survival, and productivity of forest ecosystems. In this study we assess the effects of three successive years of exposure to combinations of elevated CO2 and O3 on growth responses in a five trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) clonal mixture in a regenerating stand. The experiment is located in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA (45 degrees N 89 degrees W) and employs free air carbon dioxide and ozone enrichment (FACE) technology. The aspen stand was exposed to a factorial combination of four treatments consisting of elevated CO2 (560 ppm), elevated O3 (episodic exposure-90 microl l(-1) hour(-1)), a combination of elevated CO2 and O3, and ambient control in 30 m treatment rings with three replications. Our overall results showed that our three growth parameters including height, diameter and volume were increased by elevated CO2, decreased by elevated O3, and were not significantly different from the ambient control under elevated CO2 + O3. However, there were significant clonal differences in the responses; all five clones exhibited increased growth with elevated CO2, one clone showed an increase with elevated O3, and two clones showed an increase over the control with elevated CO2 + O3, two clones showed a decrease, and one was not significantly different from the control. Notably. there was a significant increase in current terminal shoot dieback with elevated CO2 during the 1999-2000 dormant season. Dieback was especially prominent in two of the five clones, and was attributed to those clones growing longer into the autumnal season where they were subject to frost. Our results show that elevated O3 negates expected positive growth effects of elevated CO2 in Populus tremuloides in the field, and suggest that future climate model predictions should take into account the offsetting effects of elevated O3 on CO2 enrichment when estimating future growth of trembling aspen stands.     

Electricity from fossil fuels without CO2 emissions: assessing the costs of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration in U.S. electricity markets.

The decoupling of fossil-fueled electricity production from atmospheric CO2 emissions via CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is increasingly regarded as an important means of mitigating climate change at a reasonable cost. Engineering analyses of CO2 mitigation typically compare the cost of electricity for a base generation technology to that for a similar plant with CO2 capture and then compute the carbon emissions mitigated per unit of cost. It can be hard to interpret mitigation cost estimates from this plant-level approach when a consistent base technology cannot be identified. In addition, neither engineering analyses nor general equilibrium models can capture the economics of plant dispatch. A realistic assessment of the costs of carbon sequestration as an emissions abatement strategy in the electric sector therefore requires a systems-level analysis. We discuss various frameworks for computing mitigation costs and introduce a simplified model of electric sector planning. Results from a "bottom-up" engineering-economic analysis for a representative U.S. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region illustrate how the penetration of CCS technologies and the dispatch of generating units vary with the price of carbon emissions and thereby determine the relationship between mitigation cost and emissions reduction.     

A Rapid In Situ Respiration Test for Measuring Aerobic Biodegradation Rates of Hydrocarbons in Soil

An in situ test method to measure the aerobic biodegradation rates of hydrocarbons in contaminated soil is presented. The test method provides an initial assessment of bioventing as a remediation technology for hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. The in situ respiration test consists of ventilating the contaminated soil of the unsatiirated zone with air and periodically monitoring the depletion of oxygen (O2) and production of carbon dioxide (CO2) over time after the air is turned off. The test is simple to implement and generally takes about four to five days to complete. The test was applied at eight hydrocarbon-contaminated sites of different geological and climatic conditions. These sites were contaminated with petroleum products or petroleum fuels, except for two sites where the contaminants were primarily polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Oxygen utilization rates for the eight sites ranged from 0.02 to 0.99 percent O2/hour. Estimated biodegradation rates ranged from 0.4 to 19 mg/kg of soil/day. These rates were similar to the biodegradation rates obtained from field and pilot studies using mass balance methods. Estimated biodegradation rates based on O2 utilization were generally more reliable (especially for alkaline soils) than rates based on CO2 production. CO2 produced from microbial respiration was probably converted to carbonate under alkaline conditions.     

Uncertainties in the role of land vegetation in the carbon cycle

Since the late 1950s the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere has been increasing by around 0.5-3 ppm per year. Understanding of carbon sinks is vital to understanding this trend and its future behaviour. Here we examine some of the factors which may affect the proportion of anthropogenic CO2 ending up in the atmosphere in the present and in the future, and variability in the CO2 increase from one year to another. We also examine the evidence for the potential of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks to take up or release CO2. In some cases, a careful re-examination of the research methods used to deduce present and future feedbacks may be necessary. The most advanced technology and the most complex models do not necessarily produce reliable results. They should be carefully checked against a general background knowledge of ecological processes before their results are accepted.     

Aqueous mineral carbonation of ultramafic material: a pre-requisite to integrate into mineral extraction and tailings management operation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Ex situ aqueous mineral carbonation of ultramafic mining waste is an evolving technology for the CO2 sequestration from small- to medium-scale...     

城市节假日前后碳通量特征及其与车流量关系

全球变化背景下,城市作为主要的碳源,对其碳循环的研究成为陆地生态系统碳循环的重点内容之一。以上海市奉贤区为研究对象,基于涡度相关技术,结合定点连续观测的车流量数据,分析节假日（元旦）前后CO2浓度和碳通量的变化特征,及其与车流量的关系。结果表明,CO2浓度和通量日变化呈现明显的双峰型曲线,节假日CO2浓度（385.6mg/L）平均值低于工作日（401.1 mg/L）。在本研究时段内该系统表现为碳源,尽管在白天的某些时段是碳汇,表明城市系统碳通量受自然和人为2个因素共同作用,自然因素比如该系统中的香樟、雪松等常绿植物的光合作用,人为因素由人类活动造成。基于车流量与交通流量的线性回归分析表明,机动车量碳排放对于碳通量变化产生18%的贡献。     

Photosynthetic responses to temperature, light flux-density, CO2 concentration and vapour pressure deficit in Eucalyptus tetrodonta grown under CO2 enrichment

Seeds of Eucalyptus tetrodonta were sown under ambient or CO(2) enriched (700 microl litre(-1)) conditions in tropical Australia. Four sets of measurements were made, the first two after 12 months, on trees growing either in pots or planted in the ground. The third and fourth set were made after 18 and 30 months exposure to CO(2) enrichment, on trees growing in the ground. After 12 months exposure to CO(2) enrichment, the rate of light-saturated assimilation (Amax) of plants growing in the ground was determined. Responses of CO(2) assimilation to variations in leaf temperature, leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit (LAVPD), light flux density and CO(2) concentration were also measured in the laboratory using plants growing in large pots. There was no significant difference in Amax between pot and ground located plants. Assimilation of E. tetrodonta was relatively insensitive to changes in LAVPD for both ambient and CO(2) enriched plants but the temperature optimum of assimilation was increased in plants grown and measured under CO(2) enrichment. Plants grown with CO(2) enrichment had an increased rate of light-saturated assimilation and apparent quantum yield was significantly increased by CO(2) enrichment. In contrast, carboxylation efficiency was decreased significantly by CO(2) enrichment. After 18 months growth with CO(2) enrichment, there was no sign of a decline in assimilation rate compared to measurements undertaken after 12 months. At low LAVPD values, assimilation rate was not influenced by CO(2) treatment but at moderate to high LAVPD, plants grown under CO(2) enrichment exhibited a larger assimilation rate than control plants. Specific leaf area and chlorophyll contents decreased in response to CO(2) enrichment, whilst foliar soluble protein contents and chlorophyll a/b ratios were unaffected by CO(2) treatment. Changes in soluble protein and chlorophyll contents in response to CO(2) enrichment did not account for changes in assimilation between treatments. After 30 months exposure to CO(2) enrichment, the rate of light-saturated assimilation was approximately 50% larger than controls and this enhancement was larger than that observed after 18 months exposure to CO(2) enrichment.