型煤燃烧过程中石灰石固硫的试验研究（Ⅰ）：CaCO3,Na2CO3和K2C …

以高有机硫北宿烟煤为研究对象,在对石灰石中各组分进行固硫试验的基础上,对固硫能力较强的ＣａＣＯ３,Ｎａ２ＣＯ３和Ｋ２ＣＯ３在不同温度,不同固硫剂用量条件下进行了固硫试验研究,并利用改进的自动测硫仪对ＣａＣＯ３,ＮａＣＯ３和Ｋ２ＣＯ３作固硫剂时固硫型煤的硫析出特性进行了研究。     

汽车尾气中NOx再燃烧过程的动力学

为了阐明汽车尾气中ＮＯｘ再燃烧的动力学进程,以甲醛和ＮＯ２作为探针分子,通过ＦＴ－ＩＲ跟踪研究了反应体系不听民 ＨＣＯ自由基与ＮＯ２反应的动力学。结果表明,反应的主要产物中包括ＣＯ、ＣＯ２、ＮＯ、ＨＯＮＯ和Ｈ２Ｏ等分子,经长时间的反应,当体系中的ＮＯ２基本耗尽时,才有少量的Ｎ２Ｏ生成,这些产物分子分别是在几个不同的途径的连串反应在形成的。从体系中ＣＯ和ＣＯ２的生成量,测定了主反应的歧化反应速率比,     

掺入CO催化活化CO2加氢合成甲醇的研究

用ＴＰＤ,ＴＰＳＲ－ＭＳ活性评价等方法,用Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ催化剂,对ＣＯ２加氢合成甲醇的原料气掺入适量ＣＯ２进行了研究。结果表明ＣＯ２能占据催化剂表面部分ＣＯ２的吸附位,能抑制ＣＯ２加氢的逆水汽变换反应和促进甲醇合成,从而大大提高了ＣＯ２加事成甲醇的选择性和收率。     

微量Pd对CrOx／ZrO2催化剂催化活性的影响

运用微反技术考察了ＣｒＯＸ负载型催化剂对ＣＯ＋Ｏ２和ＣＯ＋ＮＯ反应的催化活性。研究了微量Ｐｄ加和ＣｒＯＸ基双组元催化剂对上述反应的催化活性,中间产物Ｎ２Ｏ生成和Ｎ２生成的影响。     

汽车排气净化催化剂的研究

研究了ＣｕＯ／ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂对正已烷的氧化活性及ＣｕＯ负载量对活性的影响；通过ＣＯ－流动法技术考察了在ＣｕＯ／ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３上添加稀土ＣｅＯ２在贫氧和富氧条件下对ＣＯ的氧化活性。结果表明稀土ＣｅＯ２的添加提高了催化剂在贫氧条件下的氧化活性；该催化剂台架试验结果亦表明，催化剂具有较好的一氧化碳（ＣＯ）和烃类（ＨＣ）的氧化能力。     

半导体复合系光催化降解水溶性染料研究

研究了半导体复合体系ＺｎＯ－ＣｕＯ－Ｈ２Ｏ２－ａｉｒ对水溶性染料活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ等六种有机物质的光催化降解处理，得到了较高的脱色效果和ＣＯＤ去除率。讨论了不同染料光解难易的原因以及脱色率和ＣＯＤ去除率的差异。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取环境样品中金属离子的研究进展

原位络合的超临界萃取技术开辟了超临界二氧化碳（ＳＣ－ＣＯ２）萃取金属离子的新途径。本文综述国外有关ＳＣ－ＣＯ２萃取环境样品中金属离子的原理、流程、应用及影响因素等方面的研究进展,并相信随着研究工作的不断深入,更加理想的络合剂和ＳＣ－ＣＯ２携带剂的发现,必将使ＳＣ－ＣＯ２萃取金属离子的技术在环境样品中痕量金属离子的前处理和分析以及有害金属离子的处理等方面的应用前景更为广阔     

Fe^2＋—H2O2氧化法处理氨基J酸工业废水的研究

用Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化法处理氨基Ｊ酸工业废水。结果表明,当溶液ｐＨ＝１－３,Ｈ２Ｏ２和Ｆｅ＾２＋用量分别为Ｈ２Ｏ２：Ｆｅ＾２＋１０：１,Ｈ２Ｏ２：ＣＯＤＣｒ＝２ｇ：ｇ时,Ｊ酸废水的ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率达６６．７％,氨基去除率达６８．４％。处理后的废水ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤＣｒ＝０．５,已达到生化处理的要求。该法可作为氨基Ｊ酸废水的预处理方法。     

二氧化氯的发生技术

本文对国内外ＣｌＯ２的发生技术进行了综合评述，详尽地介绍了作者自行研制的ＣｌＯ２发生技术和装置，认为我国推广应用ＣｌＯ２消毒处理饮用水的时机已经成熟。     

O3—H2O2组合法处理染料中间体废水的研究

报道了Ｏ３－Ｈ２Ｏ２组合法处理含有磺酸基团的萘系染料中间体废水的试验结果。对ＣＯＤ约为１６００ｍｇ／ｌ的某高浓度染料中间体废水，用５．１ｇＯ３／ｌ和２．０ｇＨ２Ｏ２／ｌ进行处理，可达到约６０％的ＣＯＤ及色度去除率，并使ＢＯＤ／ＣＯＤ的比值超过０．３，为后续生化处理创造了条件。     

Modeling of carbon dioxide fixation by microalgae using hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) and fuzzy logic (FL) methods and optimization by genetic algorithm (GA)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, we are reporting a novel prediction model for forecasting the carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation of microalgae which is based on the hybrid...     

Effects of trifluralin on soil microbial populations and the nitrogen fixation activities

Effects of trifluralin on soil microbial populations and the nitrogen fixation activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Bradyrhizobium japonicum and the decomposition of trifluralin by soil microorganisms were studied. Trifluralin at lower concentrations from 0.5 mg microg(-1) dry soil to lower than 10.0 mg microg(-1) dry soil appeared to stimulate the growth of soil bacteria, actinomycetes, mould, and the pure cultures of Br. japonicum and A. chroococcum. Not only the colony amounts of these two species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased, grown on agar medium containing lower concentrations of trifluralin, but also these colonies also enlarged in size and appeared obviously in shorter formation time. However, trifluralin at higher concentrations would inhibit the development of microbial colonies both in amount and size. Trifluralin inhibited the activity of acetylene reduction of A. chroococcum when it was added at the same time of inoculation with A. chroococcum, but it showed a noteworthy stimulation to nitrogen fixation of A.chroococcum when it was put into culture after the cells of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium had grown well. The observation that soil microorganisms could use trifluralin as sole carbon and nitrogen resources for their growth, indicated that microorganisms could decompose trifluralin well.     

Impact of composting strategies on the treatment of soils contaminated with organic pollutants

Chemical pollution of the environment has become a major source of concern. Studies on degradation of organic compounds have shown that some microorganisms are extremely versatile at catabolizing recalcitrant molecules. By harnessing this catabolic potential, it is possible to bioremediate some chemically contaminated environmental systems. Composting matrices and composts are rich sources of xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms including bacteria, actinomycetes and lignolytic fungi, which can degrade pollutants to innocuous compounds such as carbon dioxide and water. These microorganisms can also biotransform pollutants into less toxic substances and/or lock up pollutants within the organic matrix, thereby reducing pollutant bioavailability. The success or failure of a composting/compost remediation strategy depends however on a number of factors, the most important of which are pollutant bioavailability and biodegradability. This review discusses the interactions of pollutants with soils; look critically at the clean up of soils contaminated with a variety of pollutants using various composting strategies and assess the feasibility of using composting technologies to bioremediate contaminated soil.     

Eco-toxicological studies of diesel and biodiesel fuels in aerated soil

The goal of this study was to compare diesel fuel to biodiesel fuel by determining the toxicity of analyzed materials and by quantitatively evaluating the microbial transformation of these materials in non-adapted aerated soil. The toxicity levels were determined by measuring the respiration of soil microorganisms as well as the activity of soil dehydrogenases. The quantitative evaluation of biotransformation of analyzed materials was based on the principle of balancing carbon in the following final products: (a) carbon dioxide; (b) humus compounds; (c) the remainder of non-biodegraded analyzed material; and (d) intermediate biodegradation products and the biomass of microorganisms. The results of these studies indicate that diesel fuel has toxic properties at concentrations above 3% (w/w), while biodiesel fuel has none up to a concentration of 12% (w/w). The diesel fuel is more resistant to biodegradation and produces more humus products. The biodiesel is easily biotransformed.     

Biodegradation of 4-nonylphenol in seawater and sediment

Biodegradation of 14C-labelled nonylphenol at the concentration 11 microg litre (-1) in seawater has been estimated by collection and quantification of the formed labelled carbon dioxide. Initially degradation was very slow but when the microorganisms had become adapted, after four weeks at 11 degrees C, the degradation rate increased rapidly and after 58 days about 50% of 14C from NP was found in the CO2 fraction. In the presence of sediment the initial degradation rate was high and did not increase after longer incubation. Lack of oxygen reduced the degradation rate by half in the presence of sediment.     

Deltamethrin degradation and effects on soil microbial activity

Deltamethrin [(S)-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-cis-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl) cyclo–propane carboxylate),1] labelled at gem-dimethyl groups of the cyclopropane ring was applied on two Egyptian soils at a level of 10 mg/kg soil for a laboratory incubation experiment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A steady decrease of soil extractable¹⁴C-residues, accompanied by a corresponding increase of non- extractable bound ¹⁴C-residues was observed over a 90-day incubation period. The percentage of evolved ¹⁴CO₂ increased with time under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in both soils. The effect of deltamethrin on soil microorganisms as well as the counter effect of microorganisms on the insecticide was also investigated. As the incubation period increased, the inhibitory effect of the insecticide on the microorganisms decreased and the evolution of carbon dioxide depended on the applied dose. The nature of soil methanol soluble residues was determined by chromatographic analysis which revealed the presence of the parent insecticide as the main product in addition to four metabolites: 3-(2′,2′-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (II); 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (III); 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (IV); 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (V).     

Complete mineralization of benzene by a methanogenic enrichment culture and effect of putative metabolites on the degradation

Microbial degradation of benzene under anaerobic conditions plays an important role in remediation of contaminated sites but the microorganisms and metabolic pathways involved remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated degradation of benzene by a methanogenic enrichment culture obtained from non-contaminated lotus field soil, alone and in the presence of several putative metabolic intermediates, that is, toluene, benzoate and phenol. Using stable isotope (¹³C) labeled substrate, benzene was shown to be degraded almost completely to equimolar concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, without detectable accumulation of extracellular metabolites. Concurrently, toluene, benzoate and phenol were also effectively mineralized, but probably by microorganisms other than the benzene degraders. The latter included Hasda-A, which is putative benzene-degrading deltaproteobacterium present in the culture. While toluene and benzoate did not affect benzene degradation, phenol had a moderate inhibitory effect although it was not a major metabolic intermediate of benzene in our culture. Finally, 4-hydroxycoumarin was detected as a compound formed from phenol but further experiments are required to elucidate its relationship to degradation of phenol.     

Microbial community structure and function during abnormal curve development of substrate-induced respiration measurements

Soil respiration measurements are an established method to test the abundance, activity and vitality of the soil microorganisms. However, abnormal progressions of soil respiration curves impede a clear interpretation of the data. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the microbial structure during the formation of phenomena like double peaks and terraces by analysis of the PLFA composition (phospholipid fatty acid composition). Moreover, ¹³C labeled glucose was used as substrate; therefore it was possible to measure δ¹³C values both within the PLFA fraction as well as within the carbon dioxide evolved during respiration. As contaminants trinitrotoluene, cycloheximide, and hexadecane were used. The results showed that the appearance of double peaks was mainly related to the growth of fungi with the marker 18:2δ9,12 due to a toxic effect of trinitrotoluene and cycloheximide. In contrast, the phenomenon of terrace formation was related to the utilization of hexadecane as a carbon source mainly by bacteria.     

农药微生物降解的研究现状与发展策略

本文在农药降解菌的富集分离及农药微生物降解的途径，特别在微生物产生的农药降解酶和农药微生物降解基因操作方面对农药微生物降解的研究现状作了简要综述，提出了农药微生物降解的研究趋势。联系地址：中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州五山，５１０６４０津、环草隆、三氯醋酸、氯苯胺灵等。芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ）：ＤＤＴ、ｒ－ＢＨＣ、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、苯硫磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、杀螟松、毒杀芬、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、利谷隆、灭草隆、毒旁定。节细菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）：ＤＤＴ、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、草多索、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、毒莠定、西玛津、味哺丹［８］。棒状杆菌属（Ｃｏｒｙｎｂｏａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：ＤＤＴ、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、茅草枯、二硝甲酚、百草枯、草枯醚。无色杆菌属（Ａｃｈｒｏｍｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）：ＤＤＴ、西维因、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、２，４，５－Ｔ、氯苯胺灵。土壤杆菌属（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：ＤＤＴ、氯苯胺灵、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、毒莠定。黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、毒死蜱、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、     

重金属与土壤微生物的相互作用及污染土壤修复

阐述了微生物与重金属间的相互作用 ,指出土壤重金属污染影响微生物活性、生物量 ,且重金属对微生物具有一定的生态毒性。可通过微生物的氧化 还原作用、生物吸附富集和溶解作用 ,达到修复重金属污染土壤的目的。