风量对高频气力分选机分选效率及金属分布规律的影响——以废弃印刷电路板粉末为例

以金属高富集粒级0.5～0.125 mm的废弃电路板为分选物料,通过ICP-AES测定分选产品,研究了风量对高频气力分选机分选效率及金属分布规律的影响.结果表明,风量变化对分选效率及金属分布规律影响显著,当风量为200m3/h时分选效率达到最大值78.23％,铜品位为86.745％,相比原料中铜品位13.96％,富集约6.2倍.随着风量的变化,金属的分布呈现规律性变化:密度比铜大或与铜相差不多的金属颗粒(铅、铂和锌等),其变化规律与铜相似,回收率在85％左右变化；密度比铜小很多的金属颗粒(铝、镁等),由于其密度与分选物料中的非金属非常接近,在分选过程中会随非金属带人轻产物中去,从而造成重产物中铝和镁品位最低,甚至低于其在原料中的品位.所以若要分离富集铝和镁,须对分选后的物料进行二次分选.     

浮选处理＜0.25mm粒级废弃印刷电路板的试验研究

从废弃印刷电路板微细颗粒中富集有用金属是目前环境污染防治领域中的前沿课题,采用浮选方法对废弃印刷电路板破碎后的微细物料进行探索性浮选试验研究.借助Design-Expert7.0软件进行了废弃印刷电路板金属回收的4因素3水平浮选试验设计和结果分析,讨论了搅拌速度、充气量、矿浆温度及矿浆质量浓度对浮选效果的影响,给出了金...     

基于NIR混合废塑料识别仪分选效率的模型

通过对近红外光谱(NIRS)识别分选混合废塑料的过程建立数学模型,将经过预处理的废塑料在传送带上的分布分为密集区和稀疏区两大类。以降低分选时间,提高分选效率为研究目的,对影响分选效率的因素进行分析,如分选机所能承受物料密集度上限值θ以及传送带的传输速度V等因素。比较不同θ和V的组合对总分选时间T的影响,通过数值计算并验证,求得最优组合解。研究结果表明:θ的大小影响密集区和稀疏区的面积在总面积中占有量的变化;分选总时间T在θ和V共同变化过程中存在极小值。     

Falcon离心分选机回收废弃电路板金属的灰色模型研究

电子废弃物的资源化既能实现资源的二次利用,又能防止环境污染,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。论述了Falcon离心分选机分选电路板的机制,并对小于0.5mm废弃电路板中金属富集体进行了分选试验。运用GM(0,N)模型对离心复合力场中回收废弃电路板建立了分选灰色模型,与实际分选结果比较表明,该模型精度很高。该模型可以对离心复合力场中回收废弃电路板金属的分选试验结果进行预测。     

响应面中心组合设计法优化制备载磁活性炭

采用浸渍-碱性微波法制备载磁粉末活性炭。基于单因素实验,选定制备过程影响较显著的3个因素∶铁盐比例(n(Fe3+)∶n(Fe2+))、微波功率、微波时间,分别以碘吸附值和饱和磁化强度为响应值,通过中心组合设计及响应面分析优化制备条件。利用Design-Expert软件联合分析2个响应值的回归模型,优化得出载磁活性炭制备条件:铁盐比为1.4,微波时间为2 min,微波功率为625 W。通过对比测试不同优化条件下载磁活性炭的孔结构和磁性能,验证了优化过程的可靠性。     

含油污泥化学清洗处理实验研究与工艺参数优化

以大庆采油一厂的含油污泥为研究对象,采用化学清洗方法,以处理后底泥残油率为评价指标,优化影响含油污泥清洗效率的参数。根据单因素实验,确定清洗温度、化学药剂浓度、液固比的取值范围;采用Design-Expert响应曲面法,考察单独变量作用及交互作用对含油污泥残油率的影响。选择软件中二次多项式模型进行模拟可知,单因素变量、清洗温度与化学药剂浓度的交互项均对含油污泥残油浓度具有显著影响;模型优化结果显示,化学法处理含油污泥的最佳工艺条件为清洗温度78.68℃、化学药剂浓度0.84 g·L~(-1)、液固比9.40∶1,模型预测底泥残油率为3.85%,实验验证结果的平均值是3.96%,测定值与预测值之间相对误差为2.78%,证明该模型的可靠性。     

多因素对聚氯乙烯和废弃液晶显示屏协同热解氯化提铟的影响

聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)和废弃液晶显示屏(liquid crystal displays,LCDs)协同热解,可利用PVC产生的氯化氢提取LCDs中的铟,实现废弃PVC塑料和LCDs废物综合利用。通过PVC和LCDs协同热解实验,在PVC热解温度和载气流速一定条件下,采用采用Design-Expert 8.0.5b软件对氯铟比、氯化温度、氯化时间等因素进行实验方案设计和结果分析。结果表明,在其他操作条件一定的前提下,氯铟比、氯化温度、氯化时间对铟回收率的影响均为显著;通过分析实验结果并建立数学模型,最终得到实际可操作的最佳实验条件,其结果为氯化温度为500℃、氯化时间为30 min和氯铟比为11∶1,铟回收率为97.50%。本研究对于废弃PVC塑料和LCDs的资源化综合利用具有重要的参考价值。     

电磁浮动床除尘装置的设计与实验研究

针对所设计的电磁浮动床除尘装置,为了掌握该装置的运行规律以及除尘效果,以铁磁颗粒为床料,通过实验分析了铁磁颗粒质量对床层高度的影响,以及风量和磁场强度等因素对床层高度和压强降的影响,并对风量和磁场强度与除尘效率的关系进行了研究,确定最佳运行条件:进口含尘气体浓度为20 g·m-3,磁场强度为300 Gs,风量为110 m3·h-1,除尘效率高达99.34%,为电磁浮动床用于高温除尘工艺奠定了基础。     

MAP沉淀法去除渗滤液中低浓度氨氮

考察了pH值、搅拌时间、Mg∶N和N∶P摩尔比对鸟粪石化学沉淀法(MAP)去除垃圾渗滤液中低浓度氨氮的影响,使用Design Expert 7.1.3进行3水平4因素响应曲面中心复合设计优化实验,并通过二次多项式拟合和参数优化,得到:当pH为10,搅拌时间为30 min,Mg∶N摩尔比为1.41,N∶P摩尔比为1.34时,氨氮去除率(Y1)可以达到最大值71.2%,体系中的残留PO34--P浓度(Y2)趋近于零,达到我国《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准排放标准》的排放标准。此外,X射线衍射图谱的分析表明大部分沉淀物质为磷酸铵镁。     

光磁耦合废水处理工艺条件的优化研究

以Fe3O4/TiO2作为磁性光催化剂,采用光磁耦合技术处理模拟印染废水。利用统计学方法对光磁耦合废水处理的影响因素进行了探讨和分析,考察了磁场强度、磁性光催化剂投加量、pH值和光照时间对光磁耦合废水处理的影响。通过Design-Expert 7.0.0软件分析得到最佳工艺条件:磁场强度73.95 mT,磁性光催化剂投加量1.13 g/L,模拟废水pH值13,光照时间120 min。在最佳工艺条件下进行实验,脱色率为88.60%。     

Removal of ammonia from contaminated air by trickle bed air biofilters

A trickle bed air biofilter (TBAB) was evaluated for the oxidation of NH3 from an airstream. Six-millimeter Celite pellets (R-635) were used for the biological attachment medium. The efficiency of the biofilter in oxidizing NH3 was evaluated using NH3 loading rates as high as 48 mol NH3/m3 hr and empty-bed residence times (EBRTs) as low as 1 min. Excess biomass was controlled through periodic backwashing of the biofilter with water at a rate sufficient to fluidize the medium. The main goal was to demonstrate that high removal efficiencies could be sustained over long periods of operation. Ammonia oxidation efficiencies in excess of 99% were consistently achieved when the pH of the liquid nutrient feed was maintained at 8.5. Quick recovery of the biofilter after backwashing was observed after only 20 min. Evaluation of biofilter performance with depth revealed that NH3 did not persist in the gas phase beyond 0.3 m into the depth of the medium (26% of total medium depth).     

Assessment of air quality benefits from national air pollution control policies in China. Part II: Evaluation of air quality predictions and air quality benefits assessment

Following the meteorological evaluation in Part I, this Part II paper presents the statistical evaluation of air quality predictions by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)’s Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (Models-3/CMAQ) model for the four simulated months in the base year 2005. The surface predictions were evaluated using the Air Pollution Index (API) data published by the China Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) for 31 capital cities and daily fine particulate matter (PM_2.5, particles with aerodiameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) observations of an individual site in Tsinghua University (THU). To overcome the shortage in surface observations, satellite data are used to assess the column predictions including tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) column abundance and aerosol optical depth (AOD). The result shows that CMAQ gives reasonably good predictions for the air quality.The air quality improvement that would result from the targeted sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emission controls in China were assessed for the objective year 2010. The results show that the emission controls can lead to significant air quality benefits. SO₂ concentrations in highly polluted areas of East China in 2010 are estimated to be decreased by 30–60% compared to the levels in the 2010 Business-As-Usual (BAU) case. The annual PM_2.5 can also decline by 3–15 μg m^?3 (4–25%) due to the lower SO₂ and sulfate concentrations. If similar controls are implemented for NO_x emissions, NO_x concentrations are estimated to decrease by 30–60% as compared with the 2010 BAU scenario. The annual mean PM_2.5 concentrations will also decline by 2–14 μg m^?3 (3–12%). In addition, the number of ozone (O₃) non-attainment areas in the northern China is projected to be much lower, with the maximum 1-h average O₃ concentrations in the summer reduced by 8–30 ppb.     

Secondary air pollutants

The study has been performed in a supposedly clean-air region of a Northern Finnish forest with a homogeneous stand of Scots pine. Stomatal epicuticular wax layer erosion is described using a classification system of five erosion stages. The percentage of stomatal wax within each erosion stage is calculated and the results are treated statistically, which makes the morphological study of the needle surface semi-quantitative. Severe wax degradation has already been found in the current year, increasing with the age of the needles. In this area, the wax layer erosion is correlated with secondary air pollutants, as analyses have shown high trichloroacetate (TCA) levels in needles from the same trees. The wax layer analyses are in accordance with earlier findings which have demonstrated differences in tolerance to TCA.     

Urban air quality

Since 1950 the world population has more than doubled, and the global number of cars has increased by a factor of 10. In the same period the fraction of people living in urban areas has increased by a factor of 4. In year 2000 this will amount to nearly half of the world population. About 20 urban regions will each have populations above 10 million people.Seen over longer periods, pollution in major cities tends to increase during the built up phase, they pass through a maximum and are then again reduced, as abatement strategies are developed. In the industrialised western world urban air pollution is in some respects in the last stage with effectively reduced levels of sulphur dioxide and soot. In recent decades however, the increasing traffic has switched the attention to nitrogen oxides, organic compounds and small particles. In some cities photochemical air pollution is an important urban problem, but in the northern part of Europe it is a large-scale phenomenon, with ozone levels in urban streets being normally lower than in rural areas. Cities in Eastern Europe have been (and in many cases still are) heavily polluted. After the recent political upheaval, followed by a temporary recession and a subsequent introduction of new technologies, the situation appears to improve. However, the rising number of private cars is an emerging problem. In most developing countries the rapid urbanisation has so far resulted in uncontrolled growth and deteriorating environment. Air pollution levels are here still rising on many fronts.Apart from being sources of local air pollution, urban activities are significant contributors to transboundary pollution and to the rising global concentrations of greenhouse gasses. Attempts to solve urban problems by introducing cleaner, more energy-efficient technologies will generally have a beneficial impact on these large-scale problems. Attempts based on city planning with a spreading of the activities, on the other hand, may generate more traffic and may thus have the opposite effect.     

Performance analysis of photovoltaic-thermal air collectors combined with a water to air heat exchanger for renewed air conditioning in building

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this work, a new solar system that includes photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) air collectors coupled to a water-to-air heat exchanger is investigated. The...     

Evaluation of air quality zone classification methods based on ambient air concentration exposure

Air quality zones are used by regulatory authorities to implement ambient air standards in order to protect human health. Air quality measurements at discrete air monitoring stations are critical tools to determine whether an air quality zone complies with local air quality standards or is noncompliant. This study presents a novel approach for evaluation of air quality zone classification methods by breaking the concentration distribution of a pollutant measured at an air monitoring station into compliance and exceedance probability density functions (PDFs) and then using Monte Carlo analysis with the Central Limit Theorem to estimate long-term exposure. The purpose of this paper is to compare the risk associated with selecting one ambient air classification approach over another by testing the possible exposure an individual living within a zone may face. The chronic daily intake (CDI) is utilized to compare different pollutant exposures over the classification duration of 3 years between two classification methods. Historical data collected from air monitoring stations in Kuwait are used to build representative models of 1-hr NO₂ and 8-hr O₃ within a zone that meets the compliance requirements of each method. The first method, the “3 Strike” method, is a conservative approach based on a winner-take-all approach common with most compliance classification methods, while the second, the 99% Rule method, allows for more robust analyses and incorporates long-term trends. A Monte Carlo analysis is used to model the CDI for each pollutant and each method with the zone at a single station and with multiple stations. The model assumes that the zone is already in compliance with air quality standards over the 3 years under the different classification methodologies. The model shows that while the CDI of the two methods differs by 2.7% over the exposure period for the single station case, the large number of samples taken over the duration period impacts the sensitivity of the statistical tests, causing the null hypothesis to fail. Local air quality managers can use either methodology to classify the compliance of an air zone, but must accept that the 99% Rule method may cause exposures that are statistically more significant than the 3 Strike method.

Implications: A novel method using the Central Limit Theorem and Monte Carlo analysis is used to directly compare different air standard compliance classification methods by estimating the chronic daily intake of pollutants. This method allows air quality managers to rapidly see how individual classification methods may impact individual population groups, as well as to evaluate different pollutants based on dosage and exposure when complete health impacts are not known.     

微环境新风量的检测原理及方法研究

新风量是评价室内微环境空气卫生质量的主要卫生指标之一,也是计算室内某种气体单位时间排放量的重要参数。以CO2作为示踪气体,利用于冰升华和人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体两种测量方法对室内和车内微环境进行了检测,并考虑室内人呼出CO2量的影响,运用箱子模式的各种推导公式（稳态法、解析解法和差分法）对新风量进行了计算,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,没有人存在下,用箱子模式的解析解法和差分法计算的新风量值没有明显的统计差异;微环境内有人时必须考虑人释放的影响,这样箱子模式的各种推导公式都可以计算新风量值,且结果准确,准确度高。利用人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体法,用差分法计算结果不理想,偏差很大;用稳态法计算重现性高,结果可靠。     

Wet air oxidation and catalytic wet air oxidation for dyes degradation

Background, aim, and scope  

Textile industry produces wastewater which contributes to water pollution since it utilizes a lot of chemicals. Preliminary studies show that the wastewater from textile industries contains grease, wax, surfactant, and dyes. The objective of this study was to determine the treatment efficiency of the nickel catalysts supported on hydrotalcites in three-dye model compounds and two types of wastewater.