SBR法处理豆制品废水工艺条件的研究

用SBR法处理豆制品废水的试验表明，该系统具有较好的抗负荷冲击能力，进水COD在300—2000mg／L之间变化，对系统不造成任何影响；考察了曝气时间、曝气量和污泥浓度等对去除效果的影响，试验结果表明，曝气时间和曝气量对处理效果影响很大。确定该反应系统最佳曝气时间是8h，适宜的曝气量是800L／h，而污泥浓度控制在4000mg／L左右时，处理效率最高，采用进水顶出水的排水方式是可行的，确定系统的最佳排水比是3／5。厌氧段的插入可以减少剩余污泥的产量。     

多相组合膜生物反应器对精细化工废水处理的应用研究

通过多相组合膜生物反应器对精细化工废水的处理试验，分析了COD、NH3-N、TP指标的去除效果。在装置进水浓度COD为600—900mg／L、NH3-N20～40mg／L、TP2．0～6．0mg／L时，出水COD为80—120mg／L，NH3-N未检出，TP为0．5—2．0mg／L，COD的去除率稳定在87％左右，NH3-N的去除率大于99％，TP的去除率稳定在75％左右。研究表明，多相组合膜生物反应器非常适合精细化工废水的处理。     

O3氧化工艺处理黄连素制药废水研究

采用臭氧（O3）氧化法处理含高浓度黄连素和COD的制药废水，探讨了废水初始pH、O3投加量及初始黄连素浓度等因素对O3氧化过程的影响，确定了O3氧化技术处理黄连素制药废水的最佳操作条件。结果表明，O3能够有效分解废水中的黄连素，降低其COD浓度；黄连素浓度为700mg／L、COD为3500mg／L、pH为0．88的废水，进气O3浓度为14．05mg／（L·min），处理时间为180rain（即投加量为2529mg／L）时，黄连素和COD的降解率分别可达77．46％和41．28％，BOD，／COD比（B／C比）从0．06提高到0．34，增加了4．7倍；随着废水中初始黄连素浓度的升高，废水COD降解率逐渐降低。O3氧化法是一种有效的黄连素制药废水预处理技术，可以大大提高废水的可生化性。     

序批式活性污泥法处理酱类食品废水的技术探讨

用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理酱油、酱菜食品废水，当废水COD值在2000mg／L—4000mg／L时，经SBR生化处理后的出水水质可达GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。设计的SBR工艺简单，工作稳定性好,操作管理方便。     

SBR法处理垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液的实验研究

采用SBR渐减曝气工艺处理模拟城市生活垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液，实验研究了反应器运行条件与出水水质的关系及有机碳的转移规律。研究结果表明：新鲜渗滤液经24h曝气处理后，出水COD浓度约为500mg／L，BOD5／COD降为0．14左右；出水COD浓度与容积负荷无明显相关性；COD去除率与容积负荷呈正比，并在容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3·d时达到最高，约95％；去除的有机碳气相转化率与容积负荷呈正比，在容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3·d时，有机碳气相转化率接近100％；该系统最高容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3d，相应的污泥浓度(以混合液悬浮性挥发固体(MLVSS)计)为7．12g／L。     

PAC-SBR处理豆制品废水的研究

豆制品废水是一种较难处理的高浓度有机废水，而传统的SBR方法仍然有可以改进之处。通过对PAC-SBR系统处理豆制品废水的研究，发现木质PAC对豆制品废水中COD的最大理论吸附量为13.3g/g，其吸附能力强；SBR中投加木质PAC，可显著提高系统的处理效能，在适宜投加量400mg/L下，出水COD和TKN浓度较未添加木...     

一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的中试研究

采用中试规模（1.8m^3／d）的缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器（A／OMBR）对城市污水处理回用进行了试验研究。试验结果表明，该工艺处理效果优良，系统对COD、氨氮、浊度、总氮、总磷去除率较高，COD、氨氮出水浓度分别为7～39 mg/L、0～1.31mg／L。出水水质优于城市杂用水水质标准（GB／T18920-2002）。     

中试螺旋式自循环厌氧反应器处理安乃近制药废水的稳定性能

以制药废水实验了50m3螺旋式厌氧反应器（SPAC反应器）的稳定性。采用AugmentedDickey—Fuller（ADF）单位根检验表明，螺旋式反应器具有良好的启动和运行稳定性。负荷冲击实验显示，SPAC反应器具有较好的耐浓度冲击能力和耐水力冲击能力，所能耐受的最大浓度冲击强度大于60000（mg·h）／L（进水浓度提升2倍），所能耐受的最大水力冲击强度为300（m3·h）／d（进水流量提升50％）。SPAC反应器还具备受扰恢复能力。在反应液pH低于5．74，出水浓度、COD去除率和容积COD去除速率（VRR）分别为3500mg／L、22．30％和2．52kg／（m3·d）的工况下，经过30d恢复，出水浓度、COD去除率和VRR的恢复程度达到80％～90％。     

新型内循环生物流化床处理豆制品废水研究

对采用射流曝气的新型内循环三相生物流化床处理豆制品废水进行了研究。结果表明 :间歇运行时 ,当循环水浓度在 30 0 0～ 4 0 0 0mg/L、循环流量在 10 0～ 2 0 0L/h之间 ,曝气量在 4 0～ 6 0L/h时 ,COD去除率可达到 95 %以上 ,去除容积负荷达到 10kg/m3 ·d以上 ;连续运行时 ,在进水流量 10 0L/h、COD <4 0 0mg/L时 ,出水COD可以达标     

一种新型复合球填料在低浓度污再生回用中的应用研究

新型复合球填料为沸石与悬浮球填料的有机组合体，密度约为0．92～0．97g／cm^3，比表面积为711～1185m^2/m^2，表面粗糙，物化性能稳定。在曝气量为20：1，停留时间为6h时，装有新型复合球填料的反应柱挂膜容易，成膜时间短，膜不易脱落，且生物相丰富。膜成熟时对生活污水中的氨氮和COD都有很好的去除效果，出水氨氮浓度≤2mg／L，去除率≥93％；出水COD浓度≤22mg／L，去除率≥80％。新型复合球反应柱在稳定状态处理低浓度的二级出水时，出水氨氮浓度≤2mg／L，去除率89％，出水COD浓度为10～36mg／L，去除率为48％～81％。出水水质符合GB50335-2002标准。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.