纳滤处理含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的试验研究

采用纳滤对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水进行试验研究，讨论了初始浓度、pH、浓差极化、共存离子对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明，NF90膜对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水有良好的处理效果，去除率超过了98％，出水Cr(Ⅵ)浓度低于0．5mg／L，可以达标排放或回用于镀件漂洗。     

污泥活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

研究了污泥活性炭对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的吸附性能.利用西安某污水处理厂未消化脱水污泥,采用ZnCl2化学活化热解炭化法制备污泥活性炭,研究其处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的效果,考察其吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学行为.结果表明,最佳吸附条件为溶液pH在1左右、污泥活性炭投加量5 g/L、吸附时间10 min、Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度10 m...     

还原沉淀法对含铬重金属废水的处理研究

采用还原沉淀法处理含铬(Cr)重金属废水,研究了单质Fe、FeSO4、NaHSO3、Na2SO3等4种常用还原剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果,中性及弱碱性条件下FeSO4对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原以及重金属离子沉淀的最佳pH。结果表明:对于酸性含Cr重金属废水,NaHSO3是Cr(Ⅵ)还原的优选还原剂;对于中性及弱碱性废水,采用FeSO4对Cr(Ⅵ)进行还原,可以避免反复调节pH,简化工艺,降低成本;对于本试验用含Cr重金属废水,沉淀重金属离子最适宜的pH为10.0。     

给水厂污泥吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的性能研究

采用给水厂污泥对浓度为100 mg/L的模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水进行了吸附性能的研究.结果表明,给水厂污泥可吸附处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,吸附量可达0.89 mg/g.动力学研究结果表明,给水厂污泥对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合二级吸附动力学模型,吸附速率常数(k2)为3.48×10-3g/(mg·min);热力学研究结果表明,吸附过...     

非活性原始铜藻对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的生物吸附

以非活性原始铜藻(Sargassum horneri)(以下简称铜藻)为生物吸附剂处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,考察了溶液pH、铜藻投加量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、反应时间及温度对Cr(Ⅵ)去除效果的影响。结果表明,当pH在1~9时,pH越低时铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果越好;降低铜藻投加量或增加Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度均能提高铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量,但会降低溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率。铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程更遵循准二级动力学模型,且颗粒内扩散并不是该吸附过程的唯一速率控制步骤。Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型均能较好地描述铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附,20、30、40、50℃下铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附容量分别为19.14、18.79、20.96、23.62mg/g。热力学分析显示,铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附为吸热反应,可自发进行,升温可促进铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。此外,铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程中物理吸附和化学吸附并存。     

内聚乙醇固定化硫酸盐还原菌同步处理废水中硫酸盐和铬

含Cr(Ⅵ)和硫酸盐废水对生态环境构成严重威胁。以聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠为交联剂制备一种内聚已醇固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)小球(简称固定化小球),探讨这种新型吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)、SO2-4分别为100、200mg/L废水的处理效果。结果表明,固定化小球对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)和SO2-4具有较好去除效果,Cr(Ⅵ)和SO2-4去除量分别高达341.87、1 680μg/g,去除率分别高达97.43%、99.30%。红外谱图、电子扫描图分析表明,固定化小球网状结构构成了细菌免受环境因素干扰的亲水微环境,硫酸盐还原在去除Cr(Ⅵ)和SO2-4过程中发挥了重要作用。     

五硫代碳酸钠处理含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液的实验研究

采用一种新型还原剂五硫代碳酸钠(Na2CS5)处理含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液.考察了含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液的pH值、五硫代碳酸钠的用量、反应时间、沉淀时间和Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度等对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响.结果表明,含白(Ⅵ)水溶液初始pH值和沉淀阶段溶液的pH值分别控制为1.5和8～8.5,n(Cr2O72-):n(CS52-)=1:...     

即时合成层状超分子化合物去除实验室废水中Cr(Ⅵ)

即时合成了含Cr(Ⅵ)的镁铝层状超分子化合物(Mg/Al-Cr(Ⅵ)-LSC),通过X射线衍射、傅立叶变换红外光谱、热重和BET比表面积分析表征其结构,并探讨了对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除机理。结果表明:(1)当Mg、Al摩尔比为2∶1、pH为9.0~10.0、常温反应10min时,废水处理效果最佳,含50.0mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)的实验室废水经一次工艺处理后,Cr(Ⅵ)剩余质量浓度小于0.5mg/L,符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)。(2)Mg/Al-Cr(Ⅵ)-LSC中Mg~(2+)、Al~(3+)水解生成氢氧化物构成材料的骨架,废水中CrO_4~(2-)通过静电引力吸附进入层状超分子材料层间,平衡层板的正电荷,并作为层间阴离子被去除。(3)Mg/Al-Cr(Ⅵ)-LSC对Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的吸附再生性和热稳定性。     

发酵麸皮对酸性含铬废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附与解吸研究

以发酵行业产生的发酵麸皮废弃物为生物吸附剂处理酸性含铬废水中的Cr(Ⅵ),研究了pH、吸附时间、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、发酵麸皮投加量对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响,确定发酵麸皮吸附去除Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件。分别以NaOH、HCl、NaCl为解吸剂处理吸附饱和的发酵麸皮,利用正交实验研究解吸剂种类、解吸时间、解吸剂浓度、发酵麸皮投加量等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸效果的影响。结果表明,在强酸条件下发酵麸皮对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最好,发酵麸皮吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为pH=1,吸附时间90min,Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度20mg/L,发酵麸皮投加量0.35g。发酵麸皮解吸Cr(Ⅵ)的正交实验结果表明,最佳解吸条件为以0.20mol/L NaOH为解吸剂,发酵麸皮投加量0.50g,解吸时间60min。各因素对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸效果的影响程度排序为解吸剂种类解吸时间解吸剂摩尔浓度发酵麸皮投加量。吸附饱和后的发酵麸皮可以通过解吸再生,但再生第4次已经失去了重复利用的价值。     

改性天然磷灰石去除废水中Cr(Ⅵ)

用改性天然磷灰石处理低浓度含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,考察反应时间、改性天然磷灰石用量、反应温度和初始pH对Cr(Ⅵ)去除的影响,研究了Cr(Ⅵ)去除的动力学及热力学,分析了反应机理。结果表明:(1)在改性天然磷灰石用量为10g/L、Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10.000mg/L、初始pH为2.0、反应温度为283.15K、反应时间为90min的条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为99.38%,Cr(Ⅵ)残余质量浓度为0.062mg/L,低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中Ⅴ类标准限值(0.1mg/L)。(2)改性天然磷灰石去除Cr(Ⅵ)的反应符合一级反应动力学模型,是放热反应,反应温度低于410.83K时反应能自发进行。作用机理主要是以络阴离子形式存在的Cr(Ⅵ)自发吸附在磷灰石溶解形成的带正电荷表面,然后与溶解的Ca2+反应,形成铬酸钙沉积在固体表面,实现相转移。     

Removal of chromium from synthetic plating waste by zero-valent iron and sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of zero-valent iron and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) for reduction and removal of chromium from synthetic electroplating waste. The zero-valent iron shows promising results as a reductant of hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) to trivalent chromium (Cr+3), capable of 100% reduction. The required iron concentration was a function of chromium concentration in the waste stream. Removal of Cr+3 by adsorption or precipitation on iron leads to complete removal of chromium from the waste and was a slower process than the reduction of Cr+6. Presence SRB in a completely mixed batch reactor inhibited the reduction of Cr+6. In a fixed-bed column reactor, SRB enhanced chromium removal and showed promising results for the treatment of wastes with low chromium concentrations. It is proposed that, for waste with high chromium concentration, zero-valent iron is an efficient reductant and can be used for reduction of Cr+6. For low chromium concentrations, a SRB augmented zero-valent iron and sand column is capable of removing chromium completely.     

Chromium(VI) sorptive removal from aqueous solutions by nanocrystalline akaganèite

In this study, akaganeite (beta-FeO(OH)) an ironoxyhydroxide material, was used as a low-cost potential adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions. The influence of agitation speed, solution pH, initial chromium concentration, sorbent concentration and temperature were evaluated at batch kinetic runs. It was shown that the solid diffusion model, in comparison to simple reaction kinetic models, described better the sorption kinetics. Freundlich and Frumkin isotherm best fitted the equilibrium results. Akaganeite presented a sorption capacity approximately 80 mg Cr(VI) g(-1), under the conditions studied. Flotation was used as a downstream process for the effective removal of the loaded material.     

Efficient biosorption of chromium(VI) ion by dry Araucaria leaves

Background

In this paper, batch removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by Araucaria heterophylla leaves was investigated. The batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of metal species and effect of different pH, contact time, metal concentration, biosorbent concentration, and adsorption capacity.

Method

Freundlich and Langmuir??s isotherm model were used to describe the adsorption behavior, and the experimental results fitted Freundlich model well.

Results

The adsorption efficiency observed for all chromium concentrations, i.e., 1, 3, 5, and 10?mg/L was 100% and the equilibrium was achieved in 30?min for 1 and 3?mg/L, whereas for 5 and 10?mg/L, it was less than 60?min. FTIR spectra was taken to identify functional groups involved in the biosorption.

Conclusion

Thus, Araucaria leaves can be considered as one of the cheap and efficient biosorbent for toxic hexavalent chromium removal from natural or wastewaters.     

Effect of chromium on the fatty acid composition of two strains of Euglena gracilis

The effect of hexavalent chromium on fatty acid composition was studied in two strains of Euglena gracilis; UTEX 753 (from the Culture Collection of Algae of Texas University, USA) and MAT (isolated from a highly polluted River). Both were grown in photoauxotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions and exposed to two metal concentrations, one below and one above IC50. The high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (3 to 7-fold) obtained with chromium concentration above IC50, suggested the existence of metal-induced lipid peroxidation. Total lipid content increased only with concentration below IC50, whereas it was inhibited by higher metal concentration. Photoheterotrophic control strains exhibited a significantly higher proportion of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated acids were most affected by chromium, especially those related to chloroplast structures. Ultra-structure studies showed clear thylakoid disorganization in all treated cells. The results indicate that hexavalent chromium affects levels of fatty acids, especially those related to photosynthetic activity.     

Immobilised microbial reactor for the biotransformation of hexavalent chromium

Out of an array of bacterial strains isolated from soil contaminated with effluents from electroplating wastewater, Bacillus coagulans exhibited the maximum Cr(VI) reduction potential. The feasibility of an immobilized B. coagulans bioreactor for hexavalent chromium reduction was investigated. Experimental results demonstrated that near complete removal of Cr(VI) was achieved in the reactor with an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 26 mg/l and reactor time of 24 h. The removal efficiency in the bioreactor was significantly affected by the influent Cr(VI) concentration, the Cr(VI) loading rate, the reaction time and the amount of Cr(VI) reduced by the biomass.     

Chromium species behaviour in the activated sludge process

The purpose of this research was to compare trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal by activated sludge and to investigate whether Cr(VI) reduction and/or Cr(III) oxidation occurs in a wastewater treatment system. Chromium removal by sludge harvested from sequencing batch reactors, determined by a series of batch experiments, generally followed a Freundlich isotherm model. Almost 90% of Cr(III) was adsorbed on the suspended solids while the rest was precipitated at pH 7.0. On the contrary, removal of Cr(VI) was minor and did not exceed 15% in all experiments under the same conditions. Increase of sludge age reduces Cr(III) removal, possibly because of Cr(III) sorption on slime polymers. Moreover, the decrease of suspended solids concentration and the acclimatization of biomass to Cr(VI) reduced the removal efficiency of Cr(III). Batch experiments showed that Cr(III) cannot be oxidized to Cr(VI) by activated sludge. On the contrary, Cr(VI) reduction is possible and is affected mainly by the initial concentration of organic substrate, which acts as electron donor for Cr(VI) reduction. Initial organic substrate concentration equal to or higher than 1000 mgl(-1) chemical oxygen demand permitted the nearly complete reduction of 5 mgl(-1) Cr(VI) in a 24-h batch experiment. Moreover, higher Cr(VI) reduction rates were obtained with higher Cr(VI) initial concentrations, expressed in mg Cr(VI) g(-1) VSS, while decrease of suspended solids concentration enhanced the specific Cr(VI) reduction rate.     

pH和有机质对铬渣污染土壤中Cr赋存形态的影响

选用3种不同的铬渣污染土壤作为试验样,通过调节其pH和有机质含量,并采用碱消解-共沉淀法和改良BCR顺序提取法,研究了pH和有机质含量对土壤中铬的价态及形态的影响。结果表明,总体上Cr(Ⅵ)含量随pH降低和有机质投加量增大而减小,Cr(Ⅲ)则增加,但土1各水平间差异均显著(F8.89),土2和土3只有部分水平间差异显著。同时,随pH降低和有机质投加量增大,酸可提取态Cr含量减小,可氧化态Cr增加,可还原态略有增加,表明酸性条件和有机质有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原和酸可提取态Cr向可还原态和可氧化态Cr的转化。     

Spectrophotometric determination of sulphur dioxide

Sulphur dioxide, an important industrial gas and air pollutant, is usually estimated using mercury salts. The authors have developed a method in which hazardous mercury salts are avoided. Sulphur dioxide is trapped in aqueous morpholine and mixed with the excess of dichromate solution in acidic medium. The hexavalent chromium in dichromate is reduced to trivalent chromium by sulphur dioxide and the excess of hexavalent chromium is determined with diphenylcarbazide which yields a soluble red-violet complex with an absorption maximum at 540 nm. The decrease in the absorbance values of the red-violet complex formed after reduction, when compared to that of a reagent control, is proportional to the concentration of sulphur dioxide used for reduction. Beer's law operates between 0.4 and 4 microg ml(-1) concentration of sulphur dioxide in solution.     

Biosorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by pristine and CaCl2-modified erythromycin production residues

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from aqueous solutions by the pristine and salt-treated (CaCl2) erythromycin...     

Removal of hexavalent chromium of contaminated soil by coupling electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive biobarriers

Purpose

In this study, a novel and ecological alternative have been developed to treat soils contaminated with hexavalent chromium coupling two well-known systems: electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive biobarriers. The electric field promotes the electromigration of the hexavalent chromium oxyanions towards the anode. The biobarriers were placed before the anode electrode, in order to promote the reduction and retention of the chromium migrating in its direction. Thus, this technology provided a global treatment to soil removal without subsequent treatments of the contaminated effluents.

Methods

The electrokinetic system was coupled with two different permeable reactive biobarriers composed by Arthrobacter viscosus bacteria, supported either in activated carbon or zeolite. An electric field of 10?V was applied and two different treatment times of 9 and 18?days were tested.

Results

Removal values of 60% and 79% were obtained when electrokinetic treatment was coupled with zeolite and activated carbon biobarriers, respectively, for a test period of 18?day. The reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium was around 45% for both systems.

Conclusions

In this work, two types of biobarriers were efficiently coupled to electrokinetic treatment to decontaminate soil with Cr(VI). Furthermore, the viability of the new coupling technology developed (electrokinetic?+?biobarriers) to treat low-permeability polluted soils was demonstrated.