宁波市危险废物管理、处置现状和对策

对宁波市危险废物现状进行了调查,分析了危险废物的来源、产量、特征及存在的主要问题.在此基础上,提出了宁波市危险废物管理处置对策,具体包括:加强危险废物申报登记工作;健全宁波市危险废物管理法律体系和监督管理机构;建立合理的危险废物收费制度;源头控制危险废物污染和建设危险废物集中处置场等.     

完善制度 增强能力 扎实推进固体废物环境管理 浙江省环境保护局副局长章晨在全国污染工作现场会上讲话摘录

加强固体废物环境管理,是防止固体废物污染环境,实现"减量化、资源化、无害化"目标的重要途径.近几年来,浙江省环境保护局以科学发展观为指导,按照环境保护"三个转变"的要求,不断完善政策制度,固体废物法制体系逐步形成;积极推动基础设施建设,医疗废物和工业危险废物处置能力分别比2004年增长4倍和18倍.     

浙江省危险废物和污泥处置现状及加强全过程监管工作的探讨

随着近几年经济发展水平的提高,浙江省的危险废物和污泥产生量呈不断增长趋势,它们的产生、贮存、转运和处置过程中的监管压力也逐年增大。总结了浙江省的危险废物产生现状,分析了存在的主要问题,对比了发达国家的相关管理经验,提出了进一步完善浙江省危险废物和污泥全过程监管工作的建议。     

中国危险废物管理的历史沿革——从"探索起步"到"全面提升"

如何对危险废物进行有效管理已成为当今世界各国政府环境管理部门共同面临的一个重要问题,也是减少危险废物产生量、降低危险废物危害性的关键.回顾了中国危险废物管理法规、制度和利用处置行业的建立和发展过程,并根据对危险废物的认识过程,将中国危险废物管理分为探索起步阶段、体系构建阶段、能力构筑阶段和全面提升阶段,分析了不同阶段的主要特征和重要事件,阐明了当代危险废物管理模式产生的现实必要性和历史必然性,最后提出了中国建设现代化危险废物管理体系的重要意义.本研究可为我国建立设现代化的危险废物管理体系、提升危险废物监管水平提供参考.     

浙江将建立省市县三级水质监测体系

为加强水资源保护，保障饮用水安全，浙江省决定调整和建设全省水功能区水质监测站点，建立省市县三级水质监测体系，进一步扩大水质监测范围。由浙江省水文局编制的2008-2010年全省水功能区水质监测站点调整和布设建设实施方案，强调了开展水质水量同步监测，要求各地充分利用现有水文站点，采用多种监测方法做好水位、水量、水质同步监测，同时建立省、市、县三级监测体系，依据水功能区的重要程度和管理权限，分工实施建设和组织监测。     

浙江省工业废水预处理排放标准制定可行性探讨——以氨氮为例

工业污染源间接排放控制体系的不完善导致污水处理厂出水水质超标严重,使污水处理厂成为污染物集中排放源,带来了较大的环境风险.以氨氮为例,阐明了制定浙江省工业企业废水预处理排放标准的必要性,分析认为企业预处理模式比集中处理模式更具经济可行性,并提出了进一步完善工业企业废水预处理纳管标准体系及其实施手段的对策建议.     

刷卡排污的浙江模式

<正>为贯彻落实《浙江省人民政府办公厅关于加强环境资源配置量化管理推动产业转型升级的意见》(浙政办发[2013]8号),浙江省全面开展了刷卡排污工作。建立刷卡排污制度是加强浙江省排污权有偿使用和交易工作,全面推行排污许可证管理,促进总量减排控制的有效手段。浙江的"刷卡排污"总体规划建设排污许可证IC卡电子证照模式,建立一套企业环保身份验证体系,将涉污企业的排污许可证信息通过电子证件管理起来,通过该IC电子证照作为企业的排污许可证副证,记录企业的相关排污总量信息,做到"一企一证一卡",实现企业环保业务的电子化管理。以     

危险废物豁免(排除)的管理体系研究

危险废物豁免(排除)是指按照一定的程序和豁免原则将一部分产生量小、分散、危害性低的危险废物从现有的危险废物管理体系中豁免或排除出来.系统分析了国外危险废物豁免(排除)管理体系研究现状和发展趋势,结合中国国情提出建立中国危险废物豁免(排除)管理体系的理论、方法、程序及相关原则,对尽快建立中国危险废物管理体系具有一定的借鉴意义.     

涉重危废概念的提出及其资源化利用

危险废物作为具有较高危害特性的固体废物,近年来受到国内外学术界、政府管理部门和公众的极大关注.危险废物的产生和排放呈现量大、面广、源多、物杂的特点,因此,科学分级分类既是其精细管理、精确监控、精准处置的现实需求,也是环境科学与工程领域危险废物和固体废物学科体系构建和健康发展的必然要求.危险废物中有一重要类别,其共有的危险特性源于重金属的毒性.重金属的不可降解性决定了该类危险废物的环境风险和环境危害具有持久性;重金属的不可再生性又决定了该类危险废物的资源属性具有稀缺性.为此,探讨并定义了以重金属毒性为危险特性的这一重要而独特的危险废物细分领域,明确了其内涵和外延;提出了金属五分法及该类别危险废物资源化利用的实现路径;分析了不同重金属提取工艺的适用性,并论述了该类别危险废物资源化利用的核心要务和技术原理.     

浙江省重点工业污染源排污状况特征分析与评价

加强重点工业污染源的监测和管理工作是国家环保局的重要战略部署.1994年,全国3000家重点工业污染源中位于浙江省的重点工业污染企业(以下简称重点源)共204家,分属11个市(地)、23个行业.这些企业作为浙江省的重点污染源,它们的污染负荷尚不足全省工业企业污染负荷的65%,但基本上代表了浙江省主要的工业污染源.1 重点源在全省工业污染源中的位置     

Search for chlorobornanes in river sediments and in influents and effluents

In 1997, we collected nine river sediment samples, including one duplicate, from above and below three pulp and paper mills on the Wisconsin River in Wisconsin, USA, and one mill on Beaver Dam Creek in Ontario, Canada. We also obtained twenty split sediment samples from the Wisconsin River that were collected by the US EPA in collaboration with Indiana University. Finally, we collected influent and effluent samples from eight pulp and paper related industries in the US and Canada. We analyzed all sediment and water samples for hexa- through decachlorobornanes. We did not detect any chlorobornanes in most of the sediments. When chlorobornanes were detected, the concentration in sediments below pulp mills were similar to or less than in those from above the same mills. Chlorobornanes could not be detected in any of the influent or effluent samples. Thus, pulp and paper mills and relate facilities are not a source of chlorobornanes.     

Accumulation in and effects of lead and cadmium on waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho

Waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho in 1987 had high levels of lead in their blood and tissues that originated primarily from mining and smelting activities. Four Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and one common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) found dead contained 8 to 38 microg/g (wet mass) of lead in their livers. These levels exceed the lower lethal limit of 5 microg/g in experimental birds. Two of the Canada geese (one each from the contaminated and reference areas) died with ingested lead shotgun pellets (shot) in their gizzards, whereas the other three birds from the contaminated area contained no ingested shot and evidently died from ingesting environmental lead in sediment or biota. Lead burdens in most American robins (Turdus migratorius) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were high, whereas those in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were slightly elevated. Lead accumulated to potentially hazardous levels in blood and tissues of some nestling robins (maxima of 0.87 microg/g in blood and 5.6 microg/g in liver) and mallards (maxima of 10.2 microg/g in blood and 2.8 microg/g in liver). In mallards, lead levels and associated physiological characteristics of blood were significantly different in juveniles (HY) versus adults (AHY). Activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was about 87 to 95% lower than values for control birds in experimental studies. Activity of ALAD was significantly inversely correlated with blood lead levels. Cadmium was detected in kidneys of most birds, but even the maximum concentration of 7.5 microg/g in an AHY mallard was below known harmful levels.     

Occurrence and treatment of arsenic in groundwater and soil in northern Mexico and southwestern USA

This review focuses on the occurrence and treatment of arsenic (As) in the arid region of northern Mexico (states of Chihuahua and Coahuila) and bordering states of the southwestern US (New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas), an area known for having high As concentrations. Information assembled and assessed includes the content and probable source of As in water, soil, and sediments and treatment methods that have been applied in the area. High As concentrations were found mainly in groundwater, their source being mostly from natural origin related to volcanic processes with significant anthropogenic contributions near mining and smelting of ores containing arsenic. The affinity of As for solid phases in alkaline conditions common to arid areas precludes it from being present in surface waters, accumulating instead in sediments and shifting its threat to its potential remobilization in reservoir sediments and irrigation waterways. Factors such as oxidation and pH that affect the mobility of As in the subsurface environment are mentioned. Independent of socio-demographic variables, nutritional status, and levels of blood lead, cognitive development in children is being affected when exposed to As. Treatments known to effectively reduce As content to safe drinking water levels as well as those that are capable of reducing As content in soils are discussed. Besides conventional methods, emergent technologies, such as phytoremediation, offer a viable solution to As contamination in drinking water.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

Flotation in water and wastewater treatment and reuse: recent trends in Brazil

This paper summarises environmental applications of conventional and unconventional flotation to remove pollutants from waters. Emphasis is given to the design features of innovative inline reactors, namely the Flocs Generator Reactor and Flocculation-Flotation, and their applications for the flocculation and flotation in solid-liquid separations involving water (and wastewater) treatment and reuse. Applications are shown in potable water clarification, treatment and water reuse from car washing units and in the treatment of acid mine drainage. Results show that these inline flocculation (or flotation) separators have a great potential for water/wastewater treatment and reuse, especially in applications requiring high rate solid-liquid separations.     

Photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in aqueous solutions and in organic solvents

Aqueous solutions of selected polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were prepared using a generator column and exposed to UV (300 nm) light in the laboratory and to sunlight in an outdoor environment. In the laboratory, additional exposures were also carried out using 60% acetonitrile/water solutions. At 300 nm di- and tetra PCDDs had higher first-order photodegradation rate constants in 60% acetonitrile/water than in pure water. The solvent effect was reversed for PCDFs. These results may be a reflection of the higher polarity of PCDFs compared to PCDDs. In both the indoor and outdoor exposures photodegradation rates decreased with increasing concentrations of chlorination. However, OCDF exposed to 300 nm light in 60% acetonitrile/water and to sunlight in pure water photodegraded more rapidly than tetra CDF. Photolysis rates in sunlight were considerably slower (t(1/2) of 6.4-23 h) than photolysis rates at 300 nm in the laboratory (t(1/2) of 4.3-680 min), reflecting the lower intensity of sunlight in the 300 nm region of the UV/Vis spectrum. The extent of dechlorination of the PCDDs/PCDFs was less than 20% and reductive dechlorination does not appear to be a major process in the photodegradation of PCDDs/PCDFs in aqueous solutions.     

Genotypic and environmental variation in chromium, cadmium and lead concentrations in rice

Genotypic and environmental variation in Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations of rice grains and the interaction between these metals were investigated by using 138 rice genotypes grown in three contaminated soils. There were significant genotypic differences in the three heavy metal concentrations of rice grains, with the absolute difference among 138 genotypes in grain Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations being 24.5-, 9.1- and 23.8-folds, respectively, under the slightly contaminated soil (containing 4.61mgkg(-1) Cr, 1.09mgkg(-1) Cd and Pb 28.28mgkg(-1), respectively). A highly significant interaction occurred between genotype and environment (soil type) in the heavy metal concentrations of rice grains. Cr concentration in rice grains was not correlated with Cd and Pb concentration. However, there was a significant correlation between Cd and Pb in slightly and highly contaminated soils. The results suggest the possibility to develop the rice cultivars with low Cd and Pb concentrations in grain.     

鸢尾和菖蒲不同器官对富营养化水体中氮磷的积累效应

将鸢尾和菖蒲种植在椰丝基质上并放入富营养化的水塘中,实验在自然条件下进行.分别测定鸢尾和菖蒲的根、茎、叶不同器官中氮、磷的含量和植物种植期间生物量的变化状况.结果表明,植物根、茎、叶对氮、磷的积累量有显著差异,叶是两种植物积累氮、磷的主要器官;叶中的氮、磷积累量在实验后期,即11月中下旬时达到峰值;菖蒲各器官氮、磷含量均高于鸢尾,但是单株鸢尾对氮、磷的积累量比菖蒲大.     

Pinonaldehyde and some other organics in rain and snow in central Japan.

Solvent-extractable organic compounds in the rain and snow collected at local cities in the mountainous region in central Japan, were analyzed by GC/MS and GC. Pinonaldehyde (2,2-dimethyl-3-acetyl-cyclobutyl-ethanal), an atmospheric reaction product of alpha-pinene, was detected in the rain and snow for the first time, and n-alkanes (C17-C33), fatty acids (C8-C23), and benzoic acid were also detected as major organic components. Concentrations of pinonaldehyde, C17-C33 n-alkanes, C8-C11 fatty acids, C12-C23 fatty acids and benzoic acid ranged between <0.02-13, 0.10-35, 0.55-5.7, 4.2-19 and <0.02-6.0 microg/l, respectively. Their composition showed some difference in summer and winter. In summer, fatty acids and benzoic acid were more abundant, while pinonaldehyde and n-alkanes were much less. Higher photochemical reactivity and higher bioactivity in summer could explain these seasonal changes except for pinonaldehyde, which would suffer from further oxidation in the atmosphere after its photochemical production from alpha-pinene. Predominance of pinonaldehyde and C12-C23 fatty acids in the rain and snow showed a remarkable contrast to n-alkanes in aerosol phase, which were the most abundant components. It indicated that oxygenated products from biogenic compounds might be important as cloud condensation nuclei in forest areas.     

Fungi and bacteria in mould-damaged and non-damaged office environments in a subarctic climate

The fungi and bacterial levels of the indoor air environments of 77 office buildings were measured in winter and a comparison was made between the buildings with microbe sources in their structures and those without such sources. Penicillium, yeasts, Cladosporium and non-sporing isolates were the commonest fungi detected in the indoor air and in settled dust, in both the mould-damaged and control buildings. Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus glaucus and Stachybotrys chartarium were found only in environmental samples from the mould-damaged buildings. Some other fungi, with growth requiring of water activity, a_w, above 0.85, occurred in both the reference and mould-damaged buildings, but such fungi were commoner in the latter type of buildings. The airborne concentrations of Penicillium, Aspergillus versicolor and yeasts were the best indicators of mould damage in the buildings studied. Penicillium species and A. versicolor were also the most abundant fungi in the material samples. This study showed that the fungi concentrations were very low (2–45 cfu m⁻³ 90% of the concentrations being <15 cfu m⁻³) in the indoor air of the normal office buildings. Although the concentration range of airborne fungi was wider for the mould-damaged buildings (2–2470 cfu m⁻³), only about 20% of the samples exceeded 100 cfu m⁻³. The concentrations of airborne bacteria ranged from 12 to 540 cfu m⁻³ in the control buildings and from 14 to 1550 cfu m⁻³ in the mould-damaged buildings. A statistical analysis of the results indicated that bacteria levels are generally <600 cfu m⁻³ in office buildings in winter and fungi levels are <50 cfu m⁻³. These normal levels are applicable to subarctic climates for urban, modern office buildings when measurements are made using a six-stage impactor. These levels should not be used in evaluations of health risks, but elevated levels may indicate the presence of abnormal microbe sources in indoor air and a need for additional environmental investigations.