堆肥技术处理有机污染土壤的研究进展

堆肥化处理是一种新型、高效的生物修复技术，本文综述了国内外应用堆肥技术处理有机污染土壤的研究进展，总结了对有机污染土壤进行堆肥处理的主要影响因素。本文还指出了堆肥技术目前存在的问题，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

焦化厂污染土壤堆肥修复过程的毒性变化

以北京某焦化厂污染土壤为研究对象,按照5∶1的比例添加锯末后加入5%的草炭进行好氧堆肥,通过对污染土壤堆肥处理过程中16种PAHs的降解率、CAT值、SOM值、土壤毒性、pH和TN值的变化规律进行比较,研究添加草炭好氧堆肥对实际有机污染土壤中PAHs的降解效果。研究结果表明,(1)添加草炭好氧堆肥能有效降解有机污染土壤中PAHs,堆肥49 d后,EPA优控的16种PAHs总值从1 085.42 mg/kg降低到71.10 mg/kg,总降解率为93.27%。(2)焦化厂土壤中PAHs浓度较高的分别为荧蒽、菲、芴、苯并(a)蒽、芘、蒽和苯并(k)荧蒽,它们的和占Σ16PAHs总量的73.56%,其中荧蒽的含量最高,浓度为186.913 mg/kg。这7种PAHs的经过49 d添加草炭堆肥后降解率分别为95.67%、93.52%、92.22%、93.12%、93.01%、95.19%和96.24%。(3)通过有机质值和Σ16PAHs总量作图发现,有机质值和Σ16PAHs总量有一定的相关性,这表明在堆肥过程中,微生物在PAHs降解过程中起到很大的作用。     

餐厨垃圾与铬污染土壤混合堆肥中铬形态的转化

进行了不同比例铬污染土壤与餐厨垃圾混合堆肥实验,分析了堆肥过程铬形态的变化、浸出液毒性以及种子发芽指数.结果表明,堆肥实验后,堆肥物料中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的铬含量逐渐减少,最多可分别减少82.6%和72.69%,有机结合态的铬含量明显增加,最大增幅为106.58%;堆肥物料浸出液铬的浓度低于国家危险废物鉴别标准,浸...     

有机污染土壤通风去污技术研究进展

土壤气体抽排净化技术是一种安全、高效、经济的有机污染土壤治理技术。本文系统分析了土壤气体抽排净化技术的特点、现状及发展趋势 ;总结了估算污染物净化时间的数学模型 ;概括了影响土壤气体抽排净化技术净化时间的主要因素 ,包括土壤透气率、含水率、有机污染物气体饱和蒸气压、抽排流速、环境温度 ;本文还对目前土壤气体抽排净化技术需要研究的问题及发展前景进行了展望。     

城市污水处理厂污泥作为矿山废弃地复垦土壤基质的可行性分析

以具有代表性的、运行技术成熟的污水处理厂的污泥为对象,对污水处理厂处理后的污泥进行好氧发酵堆肥,并对堆肥过程中的主要参数进行控制,对城市污水处理厂污泥作为矿山废弃地复垦土壤基质进行了可行性分析。     

燃气热脱附技术修复有机污染场地研究与应用进展

原位燃气热脱附是目前修复有机污染土壤最具潜力的技术之一。在查阅文献的基础上,结合国内外实际案例,系统梳理了有机污染土壤原位燃气热脱附修复技术的原理、适用范围、优缺点以及工艺施工流程,对国内外燃气热脱附技术的研究现状和工程应用情况进行了对比分析,并对该技术的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望,以期为我国有机污染土壤原位热修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

有机污染土壤通风去污技术研究进展

土壤气体抽排净化技术是一种安全、高效、经济的有机污染土壤治理技术。本文系统分析了土壤气体抽排净化技术的特点、现状及发展趋势;总结了估算污染物净化时间的数学模型,概括了影响土壤气体抽排净化技术净化时间的主要因素,包括土壤透气率、含水率、有机污染物气体饱和蒸气压、抽排流速、环境温度,本文还对目前土壤气体抽排净化技术需要研究的问题及发展前景进行了展望。     

土壤电阻加热技术原位修复有机污染土壤的关键问题与展望

为解决我国近年来重污染企业搬迁遗留的有机污染土壤问题,土壤电阻加热修复技术(electrical resistance heating,ERH)等热处置技术日益受到重视。ERH是目前修复挥发性、半挥发性有机污染土壤最具有潜力的原位热修复技术之一,其污染物去除率及土壤性质变化是用以评估该土壤修复技术的核心指标。在查阅文献的基础上,系统分析了热处置及电阻加热技术相关原理与适用范围,并对ERH处置过程中土壤性质可能发生的变化进行了深入讨论,以期为我国有机污染土壤原位热修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

添加剂对堆肥降解多环芳烃的影响

为了研究多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤堆肥修复的加速机制,在人工控温的堆肥装置中以芘、菲和芴为研究对象,采用室内模拟实验的方式研究了添加硫酸钙、过磷酸钙、草炭、竹炭、十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SD-BS)等对锯末高温堆肥降解污染土壤PAHs的影响。研究结果表明,生物堆肥可以有效的去除土壤中PAHs,堆肥7周后所有处理下芘、菲和芴的降解率基本达到80%以上。不同添加剂处理下芘、菲和芴降解率不同,尤其是添加草炭和竹炭处理中芴和菲在第4周的时候就取得90%以上的降解率,芘在第6周也取得80%以上的降解率,而且氮素的损失率也分别下降了42.6%和36.09%,比其他处理的PAHs降解率和保氮效果都要好。分析其原因,一方面可能是添加不同添加剂对堆肥过程中pH值、有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)都有一定的影响,提高了土壤微生物的活性;另一方面可能是由于草炭和竹炭对氨有良好的吸附性,具有良好的保氮效果,同时也能改善了微生物和目标化合物的接触方式,从而提高了PAHs的降解率。     

农药污染土壤的生物修复技术

本文综述了土壤农药有机污染的生物修复技术 ,重点分析了植物、微生物对土壤农药污染的修复机制以及影响因子 ,介绍了几种生物修复技术     

城市生活垃圾堆肥过程控制技术的现状和发展

介绍了堆肥处理过程的特点 ,叙述了国内外城市生活垃圾过程控制技术的发展现状 ,指出了该技术今后的主要发展方向及发展趋势 ,并讨论了垃圾堆肥过程控制面临的理论与实际问题。     

城市污水污泥处置方式的温室气体排放比较分析

针对我国现在主流的城市污水污泥处置方法:填埋,焚烧,堆肥。用IPCC中推荐的方法和缺省值,对处置过程中产生的温室气体的直接排放、间接排放和替代排放做了计算和分析。填埋过程计算排放的温室气体有CH4,焚烧过程计算排放的有温室气体CO2和N2O,堆肥过程计算的排放的有温室气体CO2和N2O,最终比较的结果都折算成CO2的排放。结果表明,污泥填埋、焚烧、堆肥所产生的CO2的净排放量分别为695.847 kg CO2/t、443.643 kg CO2/t、511.817 kgCO2/t。由于考虑了堆肥以后的有机肥利用,从减排以及污泥资源化的角度分析,得出堆肥是相对好的污泥处置方式。     

Microbial activity during composting of anthracene-contaminated soil

Microbial activity of an anthracene-spiked soil mixed with kitchen waste during laboratory composting at 56-59 degrees C was studied using an in-vessel technology. The effect of old compost containing acclimated microorganisms on the composting efficiency was also investigated. Microbial succession, microbial enzyme activity, microbial diversity and anthracene removal rate were analyzed during 42 days of composting. The results demonstrated that inoculating with old compost increased the amounts of thermophilic microorganisms, but did not significantly increase anthracene removal. A microbial succession from mesophilic bacteria to thermophilic bacteria and thermophilic actinomycetes was observed during composting. Polyphenol oxidase activity decreased while catalase activity varied irregularly. Microbial diversity increased drastically when temperature elevated from 35 to 56 degrees C, but decreased when temperature maintained at 56-59 degrees C.     

Fecal sludge management in developing urban centers: a review on the collection,treatment, and composting

The problems posed by fecal sludge (FS) are multidimensional because most cities rapidly urbanize, which results in the increase in population, urban settlement, and waste generation. Issues concerning health and waste treatment have continued to create alarming situations. These issues had indeed interfered with the proper steps in managing FS, which contaminates the environment. FS can be used in agriculture as fertilizer because it is an excellent source of nutrients. The recent decline in crop production due to loss of soil organic component, erosion, and nutrient runoff has generated interest in the recycling of FS into soil nutrients through stabilization and composting. However, human feces are considerably liable to spread microorganisms to other persons. Thus, sanitation, stabilization, and composting should be the main objectives of FS treatment to minimize the risk to public and environmental health. This review presents an improved FS management (FSM) and technology option for soil amendment that is grouped into three headings, namely, (1) collection, (2) treatment, and (3) composting. On the basis of the literature review, the main problems associated with the collection and treatment of FS, such as inadequate tools and improper treatment processes, are summarized, and the trends and challenges that concern the applicability of each of the technologies in developing urban centers are critically reviewed. Stabilization during pretreatment before composting is suggested as the best method to reduce pathogens in FS. Results are precisely intended to be used as a support for decisions on policies and strategies for FSM and investments for improved treatment facilities.     

Ammonia emissions from the composting of different organic wastes. Dependency on process temperature

Ammonia emissions were quantified for the laboratory-scale composting of three typical organic wastes with medium nitrogen content: organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, raw sludge and anaerobically digested sludge; and the composting of two wastes with high nitrogen content: animal by-products from slaughterhouses and partially hydrolysed hair from the leather industry. All the wastes were mixed with the proper amount of bulking agent. Ammonia emitted in the composting of the five wastes investigated revealed a strong dependence on temperature, with a distinct pattern found in ammonia emissions for each waste in the thermophilic first stage of composting (exponential increase of ammonia emitted when increasing temperature) than that of the mesophilic final stage (linear increase of ammonia emissions when increasing temperature). As composting needs high temperatures to ensure the sanitisation of compost and ammonia emissions are one of the main environmental impacts associated to composting and responsible for obtaining compost with a low agronomical quality, it is proposed that sanitisation is conducted after the first stage in large-scale composting facilities by a proper temperature control. CAPSULE: Ammonia emission pattern and correlation with process temperature are presented for the composting process of different organic wastes.     

Environmental sustainability analysis of dairy bedding regeneration system based on emergy evaluation and life cycle assessment methods

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dairy farm bedding can be produced by composting technology using dairy manure, which offers advantages in terms of cost, availability, and economic...     

Microbiological aspects of humid husk composting

The feasibility of composting as disposal practice of husk mixed with olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was studied in the present research. The process was investigated with regards to some reliable and easy to be determined microbial activity parameters such as the ATP content, the activity of a pool of enzymes and the viable counts, keeping in mind the well known bias of this last technique. Two different composting technologies were compared: static pile and reactor by studying the cured composts obtained. Among the bioindicators tested, the composting process trend was described better by the ATP content and the activity of some enzymes. In fact, the ATP content showed an increase during the thermophilic phase in both the pile and the reactor, and decreased at the end of the process, it was also higher in the bioreactor-pile technology than in the pile. With regard to the enzymatic activity, with the reactor technology experiment, two peaks were evidenced in the thermophilic phase and during the curing phase in pile, and a drop during the transfer of material from the reactor to the pile. The quality of the cured product obtained using the reactor technology has been evaluated considering phytoxicity and hygienic features: the stabilised compost resulted to have neither phytoxical effect, nor faecal indicator contaminants.     

The addition of modified attapulgite reduces the emission of nitrous oxide and ammonia from aerobically composted chicken manure

The acceleration of the composting process and the improvement of compost quality have been explored by evaluating the efficacy of various additives, inoculating with specific microorganisms and the application of various biosurfactants. The magnesium-aluminum silicate attapulgite is a low-cost potential composting additive, but its effects on aerobic composting are unknown. This study investigated the effects of attapulgite application on compost production and quality during the aerobic composting of chicken manure. Addition of attapulgite significantly increased the temperature (p < 0.05) while it reduced compost total organic carbon (TOC) and seed germination indices (GIs) throughout the process. Its addition enhanced nitrate concentrations, promoted organic matter degradation, increased seed germination indices, and accelerated the composting process. Interestingly, attapulgite addition did not increase the population of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. These results suggest that attapulgite is a good additive for the composting industry.

Implications: We investigated the addition of two forms of attapulgite during aerobic composting of chicken manure to determine their effects under strict composting environmental parameter control. Our results provides primary evidence that attapulgite may have potential for application in the composting industry.

All treatments showed no increase within the first 15 days. However, emissions increased for all treatments within 15–45 days, reaching approximately 6300, 2000, and 4000 mg/m² from the control, artifactitious attapulgite, and raw attapulgite treatments, respectively.     

有机固体废物堆肥化处理的微生物学机理研究

由于符合持续发展的理念 ,利用微生物技术处理有机固体废物越来越受到人们的重视 ,其核心问题则是木质纤维素的生物降解。随着园林废物等高木质纤维素含量的城市生活垃圾的不断增加 ,以及对农业固体废物和食品工业废物再利用的需要 ,这一领域的研究取得了很大的进展。在研究中 ,针对好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵 2项主要的微生物处理技术 ,对其优势微生物菌群、不同降解底物和微生物降解动力学方面的最新研究进展进行了回顾和总结 ,并对环境微生物制剂的应用以及有机固体废物的微生物处理技术的发展做了合理的展望。     

生活垃圾堆肥分阶段反应动力学研究

根据堆肥不同阶段特点 ,通过接种和不接种堆肥实验 ,分别研究升温 -高温阶段和高温 -降温阶段动力学。从得到的动力学方程分析可知 :接种复合微生物菌剂 ,在升温 -高温阶段最大反应速率比对照组提高约 13 8.7 ;在高温 -降温阶段最大反应速率比对照组大 4.73 g/( h· kg) ,而半速系数 Km比对照组下降了 10 3 g/kg。说明接种复合微生物菌剂不仅使反应速率增大 ,而且使半速系数减小 ,使底物与酶反应更完全 ,有机物分解更迅速、更彻底