废弃植物中药渣的热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重分析法(TGA)对丹参中药渣的热解特性及其动力学规律进行了研究。分析了不同升温速率(10、30和50℃/min)和不同粒径(0.85~0.6、0.3~0.18和0.125~0.1 mm)药渣的热解特性。结果表明,药渣热解可分为3个阶段:预热干燥阶段、主热解阶段和碳化阶段,随升温速率的升高,热重(TG)和微分热重(DTG)曲线向高温侧移动,药渣的最大失重速率也显著增加;与大颗粒相比较小颗粒的挥发分产量较大。采用Coats-Redfern法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)法对药渣热解的动力学进行分析,选出了较为合理的机理函数,并计算得出药渣热解活化能为62~72 kJ/mol。     

不干胶废弃物热重分析

为了探索不干胶类包装废弃物的热解特性,采用热重分析手段分析了不同升温速率条件下不干胶类废弃物的失重特点,并且采用Ozawa法和KAS法比较分析不同转化率条件下的表观活化能分布.热重分析结果表明,不干胶类废弃物的热解主要分为3个阶段:第1阶段(室温～ 200℃)为不干胶类废弃物的干燥阶段,第2阶段(200 ～ 590℃)为热解的主要阶段,第3阶段(590 ～800℃)为热解半焦的深度热解阶段.升温速率对热解失重率有重要影响,Ozawa法和KAS法计算结果表明,2种方法计算的热解活化能比较接近,Ozawa法得到的活化能为349.9 kJ/mol,KAS法得到的活化能为336.9kJ/mol;并且不干胶类废弃物的热解表观活化能呈现出阶段性分布.     

船舶垃圾燃烧失重特性研究

在不同升温速率和不同O2气氛下对船舶垃圾(CSW)的燃烧特性进行热重分析,并使用不同方法对其进行动力学参数求解。根据船用焚烧炉的特点,选择温度范围为100~1 100℃,结果表明:CSW燃烬物较少,只有6.02%(质量分数);根据微分热重(DTG)曲线,燃烧的温度区间分为3段,其中在200~600℃反应基本完成,在600~800℃反应的物质较少。CSW在气氛O2/N2(体积比)=30∶70下的燃烧性能是3种气氛中最好的。在气氛O2/N2=30∶70下,通过FWO法计算得CSW的平均活化能为162.588kJ/mol,通过KAS法计算得CSW的平均活化能为160.677kJ/mol。     

灰色预测模型及分布活化能模型在废电路板热解中的应用

分别在管式炉反应器和热天平上对废电路板的热解行为进行实验研究。在管式炉反应器上考察了在同一升温速率（20 K/min）下不同热解终温 (400、500、600、700和800℃) 对废电路板热解产物产率的影响。在相关实验数据的基础上尝试用灰色理论及方法建立基于热解终温的废电路板热解灰色产率预测模型GM(1,1)，预测结果与实验数据对比表明，该预测模型精度较高，能够较好地对不同热解终温下废电路板热解产物产率进行预测。此外，在热天平上获得的不同升温速率（10、15和20 K/min）下的热失重曲线表明，废电路板的失重速率峰随升温速率的提高逐渐向高温侧移动。采用分布活化能模型对废电路板热失重曲线进行动力学分析，获得废电路板热解活化能的变化曲线。计算结果表明，废电路板热解过程中活化能并不是单一数值，而是随失重率变化的一个函数。所得废电路板热解活化能值在140～250 kJ/mol范围内变化，当失重率在10%～60%之间，活化能值总体呈缓慢上升的趋势，但当失重率＞60%时，活化能值由155.4 kJ/mol迅速增加到244.4 kJ/mol。     

印刷线路板废弃物的热解与动力学实验研究

分别应用管式炉反应器和热重分析手段对印刷线路板废弃物的热解行为和热解动力学进行了实验研究.在管式炉中,研究不同的热解温度:700～950℃,对产物分布和气体成分分布的影响.实验结果表明:PCB热解气体的主要成分是H2和CO2,气体的热值较低,仅为2.09～5.41 MJ/m3,PCB不适合以气体产物为目标的能源利用方式.应用Friedman方法对PCB的热解动力学进行了研究,求得PCB的热解动力学参数分别是:表观活化能190.92 kJ/mol,反应级数5.97,指前因子lnA47.14 min-1.     

不同升温速率下城市污水污泥热解特性及动力学研究

利用差热-热重分析法和Coats-Redfern积分法,对杭州某污水处理厂污泥在不同升温速率下的热解特性及反应动力学特征进行研究。实验结果表明,热解温度从室温升至900℃时,污泥热解过程可分为4个失重阶段;升温速率对污泥热解转化率、挥发分析出温度以及最大失重率等热解特性参数都有显著影响。升温速率越高污泥最大失重率越大;而较低的升温速率延迟了污泥热解反应时间,导致污泥失重量相对较大。根据Coats-Redfern积分法计算结果,污泥在氮气氛围下的热解反应为二级反应模式。提高升温速率可显著增加污泥热解的表观活化能和频率因子。     

O_2/CO_2气氛下市政污泥混煤燃烧及动力学特性

采用差示扫描量热法对市政污泥、神华烟煤和淮北烟煤单独及不同比例混合物在O2/CO2气氛下进行燃烧特性的实验研究,结果表明,市政污泥综合燃烧特性最好,神华烟煤次之,淮北烟煤最差;随着污泥掺混比例的增加,混合试样着火温度和燃尽温度提前,综合燃烧特性得到改善,但燃烧放热量减少。利用Freeman-Carroll法对淮北烟煤、市政污泥及两者混合物的燃烧动力学参数进行计算,得到市政污泥、淮北烟煤和神华烟煤的平均反应活化能E分别为48.34、68.32和51.47 k J/mol。     

印刷线路板废弃物的热解与动力学实验研究

分别应用管式炉反应器和热重分析手段对印刷线路板废弃物的热解行为和热解动力学进行了实验研究。在管式炉中，研究不同的热解温度：700～950℃，对产物分布和气体成分分布的影响。实验结果表明：PCB热解气体的主要成分是H2和CO2，气体的热值较低，仅为2．09～5．41MJ/m^3，PCB不适合以气体产物为目标的能源利用方式。应用Friedman方法对PCB的热解动力学进行了研究，求得PCB的热解动力学参数分别是：表观活化能190．92kJ/mol，反应级数5．97，指前因子lnA47．14min^-1。     

城市污泥与煤混合热解特性及动力学分析

为了污泥与煤混合热解的实验研究及工程化应用提供初步的数据及理论支持,利用热重分析仪讨论了污泥与煤混合热解的主要影响因素(加热速率、热解终温及混合比例)以及动力学参数.结果表明:加热速率对污泥热解影响较小;混合物热解终温与煤的热解终温基本一致;煤在污泥(干基)中的添加比例小于50％有利于挥发分的产出;通过热解特性及动力学参数分析,得出混合物比单一物料更易分解,且两者存在一定的协同效应;建立了污泥与煤不同混合比例在有机质主要热解区间内的经验动力学方程,经具体混合比例验证,经验动力学方程推导出的动力学参数及TG曲线与实际实验结果吻合较好.     

含油污泥与玉米秸秆共热解协同特性

利用热重-傅里叶变换红外分析仪(TG-FTIR)对含油污泥与玉米秸秆共热解特性进行了研究,分析了各温度段的协同效应。TG分析表明,共热解主要呈现3个阶段:挥发分的析出(210～520℃)、碳酸盐的分解(600～780℃)、长链难分解重质油的热裂解和半焦的气化(900～1100℃),且在不同热解阶段呈现出不同的协同效应。热解动力学分析表明,含油污泥与玉米秸秆共热解后,第1阶段的活化能有所增高,而第2、3阶段的活化能大幅降低。FTIR分析表明,第1、2阶段,共热解与单一物料热解的产物种类基本一致,而在第3阶段,共热解使含油污泥热解产物甲基化合物发生分解和转化。含油污泥与玉米秸秆共热解可促进CO_2、CO、CH_4和C=O化合物的析出,其中添加玉米秸秆质量分数为10%时,对CO_2、CO和CH_4析出的促进作用最强,添加30%时则对C=O化合物的析出更为有利。     

Pyrolysis Kinetics and Residue Characteristics of Petrochemical Industrial Sludge

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the pyrolysis characteristics of sludge from wastewater treatment plants in the petrochemical industry and focused on the pyrolysis kinetics, elemental composition of residue, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of exhaust gas. As pyrolysis temperature increased to 773 K, the increasing rate of crude oil production tended to a stable condition. The result indicated that the optimal temperature of crude oil and water mixed production was 773 K. When pyrolysis temperature increased from 673 to 973 K, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen concentrations of residue decreased and the sulfur concentration of residue increased. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and styrene increased by the increasing pyrolysis temperature. We found that the reaction order of sludge pyrolysis was 2.5 and the activation energy of the reaction was 11.06 kJ/mol. We believe that our pyrolysis system is transitional between devolatilization and combustion.     

Pyrolysis kinetics and residue characteristics of petrochemical industrial sludge

This study investigated the pyrolysis characteristics of sludge from wastewater treatment plants in the petrochemical industry and focused on the pyrolysis kinetics, elemental composition of residue, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of exhaust gas. As pyrolysis temperature increased to 773 K, the increasing rate of crude oil production tended to a stable condition. The result indicated that the optimal temperature of crude oil and water mixed production was 773 K. When pyrolysis temperature increased from 673 to 973 K, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen concentrations of residue decreased and the sulfur concentration of residue increased. The concentrations of benzene, toluene,ethylbenzene, and styrene increased by the increasing pyrolysis temperature. We found that the reaction order of sludge pyrolysis was 2.5 and the activation energy of the reaction was 11.06 kJ/mol. We believe that our pyrolysis system is transitional between devolatilization and combustion.     

Pyrolytic characteristics of sewage sludge

In this study, a number of different sewage sludge including sludge samples from industrial and hospital wastewater treatment plants were characterized for pyrolysis behavior by means of thermogravimetric analysis up to 800 degrees C. According to the thermogravimetric results, five different types of mass loss behaviors were observed depending on the nature of the sludge used. Typical main decomposition steps occurred between 250 and 550 degrees C although some still decomposed at higher temperatures. The first group (Types I, II and III) was identified by main decomposition at approximately 300 degrees C and possible second reaction at higher temperature. Differences in the behavior may be due to different components in the sludge both quantitatively and qualitatively. The second group (Types IV and V), which rarely found, has unusual properties. DTG peaks were found at 293, 388 and 481 degrees C for Type IV and 255 and 397 degrees C for Type V. Kinetics of sludge decomposition can be described by either pseudo single or multicomponent overall models (PSOM or PMOM). The activation energy of the first reaction, corresponding to the main pyrolysis typically at 300 degrees C, was rather constant (between 68 and 77 kJ mol(-1)) while those of second and third reactions were varied in the range of 85-185 kJ mol(-1). The typical order of pyrolysis reaction was in the range of 1.1-2.1. The pyrolysis gases were composed of both saturated and unsaturated light hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, ethanol and chloromethane. Most products, however, evolve at a quite similar temperature regardless of the sludge type.     

Industrial Pollution Prevention! A Critical Review

Abstract

Pyrolytic product distribution rates and pyrolysis behavior of tire-derived fuels (TDF) were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) techniques. A TGA was designed and built to investigate the behavior and products of pyrolysis of typical TDF specimens. The fundamental knowledge of TGA analysis and principal fuel analysis are applied in this study. Thermogravimetry of the degradation temperature of the TDF confirms the overall decomposition rate of the volatile products during the depolymerization reaction. The principal fuel analysis (proximate and ultimate analysis) of the pyrolytic char products show the correlation of volatilization into the gas and liquid phases and the existence of fixed carbon and other compounds that remain as a solid char. The kinetic parameters were calculated using least square with minimizing sum of error square technique. The results show that the average kinetic parameters of TDF are the activation energy, E = 1322 ± 244 kJ/mol, a pre-exponential constant of A = 2.06 ± 3.47 × 10¹⁰ min^?1, and a reaction order n = 1.62 ± 0.31. The model-predicted rate equations agree with the experimental data. The overall TDF weight conversion represents the carbon weight conversion in the sample.     

镇江斜发沸石对氨氮的吸附动力学及热力学研究

采用静态平衡法,开展了镇江斜发沸石对水中氨氮的吸附动力学和热力学研究.结果表明,吸附量随反应温度升高而增加,斜发沸石对氨氮吸附符合Freundlich等温线方程,对氨氮吸附实验数据与准二级动力学模型拟合更好(R2＞0.998),热力学参数吸附焓变△H=18.26 kJ/mol,熵变△S=0.0632 kJ/kmol,对...     

油田采油污泥的热解动力学及其热解效果研究

以新疆克拉玛依油田采油污泥为对象，分别采用热重分析仪和小型流化床热解反应器研究了含油污泥的热解过程及其热解效果。结果表明，油泥热解主要经历了失水、轻质组分挥发、重组分快速热解失重和缓慢失重4个阶段，热解过程基本符合一级动力学方程，提高热解的升温速率，可使油泥的最大失重速率D_max、失重速率峰值温度θ_max、升温终点的最大失重率都随之增加，表现在动力学上，反映出表观活化能和碰撞频率因子的同时升高，即提高油泥热解转化率的同时也影响了热解效率。失水油泥用流化床热解，在热解温度600℃、反应时间3 min时，油泥回收率可达到87%。     

Pyrolysis behavior of tire-derived fuels at different temperatures and heating rates

Pyrolytic product distribution rates and pyrolysis behavior of tire-derived fuels (TDF) were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) techniques. A TGA was designed and built to investigate the behavior and products of pyrolysis of typical TDF specimens. The fundamental knowledge of TGA analysis and principal fuel analysis are applied in this study. Thermogravimetry of the degradation temperature of the TDF confirms the overall decomposition rate of the volatile products during the depolymerization reaction. The principal fuel analysis (proximate and ultimate analysis) of the pyrolytic char products show the correlation of volatilization into the gas and liquid phases and the existence of fixed carbon and other compounds that remain as a solid char. The kinetic parameters were calculated using least square with minimizing sum of error square technique. The results show that the average kinetic parameters of TDF are the activation energy, E = 1322 +/- 244 kJ/mol, a pre-exponential constant of A = 2.06 +/- 3.47 x 10(10) min(-1), and a reaction order n = 1.62 +/- 0.31. The model-predicted rate equations agree with the experimental data. The overall TDF weight conversion represents the carbon weight conversion in the sample.     

医疗废物中有机质的热解动力学研究

在空气气氛下,对医疗废物中几种有代表性的有机质进行非等温热解实验。分析实验结果发现,热解失重曲线与N2气氛下不同,出现多个DTG峰。利用Freeman Carroll法求出了各有机质的表观动力学参数,并建立了能较好反映各物料失重过程的表观多步反应动力学模型。针对混合物料无法直接求出表观动力学参数,建立了多组分反应动力学模型。     

医疗废物中有机质的热解动力学研究

在空气气氛下，对医疗废物中几种有代表性的有机质进行非等温热解实验。分析实验结果发现，热解失重曲线与N2气氛下不同，出现多个DTG峰。利用Freeman—CarroⅡ法求出了各有机质的表观动力学参数，并建立了能较好反映各物料失重过程的表观多步反应动力学模型。针对混合物料无法直接求出表观动力学参数，建立了多组分反应动力学模型。     

预制床技术在油泥(砂)处理中的应用

采用预制床生物修复技术首次对江苏油田3个井站的罐底油泥(砂)和三相分离器废油泥(砂)进行工艺研究,建立了运行稳定的处理与利用现场示范工程,取得了满意的试验效果,现场油泥(砂)的总油含量＞100 g/kg(土),装置运行2个月,总油去除率96.4%～98.4%,其中烷烃去除率74.7%～98.5%,沥青质去除率75.0%～89.4%,芳香烃去除率85.5%～99.6%.