改性壳聚糖CAD与微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配絮凝研究

采用水溶液自由基聚合反应,将丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)接枝到壳聚糖分子上制成了阳离子改性壳聚糖(CAD).经FT-IR、XRD、zeta(ξ)电位、凝胶色谱等分析确定,CAD为淡黄色透明液体,pH值为3.7,相对分子质量为2.88×10⁶,阳离子度为16.7,等电点(0.1%溶液)约为pH值10.5,有效成分2.6%,主要特征官能团有羟基、氨基、季铵基和酰胺基, 呈不规则晶体结构.将CAD与相对分子质量3.67×10⁵的多糖类电负性微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配,对浊度12~460 NTU、离子强度3.0 mmol·L^-1的高岭土悬浊液进行烧杯实验.结果表明,MBF8与CAD的最佳使用方式为先投加MBF8后投加CAD,复配比5:3时效果最好,适用的pH范围为6.0~10.0.采用PAC(3.0 mg·L^-1)+MBF8+CAD(1.0 mg·L^-1)复配絮凝,pH=8.0下,对浊度为110 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,浊度去除率>97%,残余铝<0.08 mg·L^-1,絮体大、沉降快,絮凝效果优于PAC+分子量800万、1200万的阴离子PAM及分子量1500万的阳离子PAM.     

太湖主要环湖河道沉积物反硝化潜力及其控制因子

河流反硝化作用是水体氮素去除的重要途径,对流域氮负荷削减具有重要意义.为探究河网区河道的反硝化脱氮能力及其主要控制因子,本研究调查了太湖14条主要环湖河道的水质和沉积物特征,通过泥浆培养实验,利用氮氩比的方法和膜接口质谱仪分析技术,测定了14条环湖河道的沉积物反硝化潜力.结果表明,太湖环湖河道的反硝化潜力为-9.93~35.71 μmol·L^-1·d^-1,均值为（20.79±14.79） μmol·L^-1·d^-1,南部河道的反硝化潜力显著低于北部河道,负值代表沉积物的吸附或固氮行为.水柱中的硝态氮浓度、溶解氧、溶解性有机碳（DOC）和沉积物中的碳含量均会对沉积物反硝化潜力产生影响.相关分析结果表明,硝态氮浓度对河道反硝化作用的影响有限,反硝化作用对硝态氮底物的响应遵从米氏动力学模型（R²=0.77）的规律.而在太湖氮负荷严重的西部和北部河道区,水体中的DOC是反硝化潜力的主要限制因素.改善氮的去除环境对促进水体氮去除过程和区域氮管理具有重要意义,在氮负荷严重的流域河道,水体的DOC应该得到更多的关注.     

粘土原位除藻技术研究

对利用当地粘土治理水华蓝藻的原位除藻技术进行了研究.实验表明,经壳聚糖改性的当地不同类型粘土都能有效地絮凝除藻,改性粘土的矿物组成和有机质成分对絮凝除藻没有明显的影响.溶液中有机质(TOC≤40 mg/L) 的存在对壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝除藻有一定的负面影响.在太湖梅梁湾水域围隔中进行的原位除藻试验表明,采用经壳聚糖改性的当地粘土除藻效果明显,在用量仅为0.025 g/L (53 g/m²)时,除藻后SD透明度由15　cm提高至90　cm,叶绿素a的去除率达到98.6%.     

施氏矿物协同Cu（II）活化过硫酸盐去除水中土霉素的效果

畜禽粪污排放致使水体遭受土霉素（OTC）及重金属污染已成为环境领域的热点问题.本研究考察了施氏矿物协同Cu（II）活化过硫酸盐去除水中OTC的效果及施氏矿物循环利用效果.结果表明,在施氏矿物（Sch）加入量为0.8 g·L^-1,过硫酸钠（PS）浓度为180 μmol·L^-1,Cu（II）浓度为40 mmol·L^-1的条件下作用3 h,水中OTC（60 μmol·L^-1）去除率为74.3%.当用100 W功率紫外灯照射OTC+Cu（II）+PS+Sch处理体系,OTC在3 h时的去除率为98.5%,TOC去除率达到78.2%.施氏矿物循环第4批与首批结果相比较,体系OTC与TOC去除率无明显差异,OTC+ Cu（II）+PS+Sch体系在暗反应条件下首批与循环利用第4批对OTC的去除率分别为74.3%、78.4%,相应TOC的去除率分别为39.1%、39.8%;当用100 W功率紫外灯照射该体系,首批与循环第4批对OTC的去除率分别为98.5%、98.6%,相应TOC的去除率分别为78.2%、80.7%.本研究结果可为含有抗生素及铜离子废水的高级氧化处理提供一定的参数支撑.     

高藻原水预臭氧强化混凝除藻特性研究

采用有机物表观分子量分级、树脂分级等手段表征了原水有机物特征,通过实验室试验和中试运行对预臭氧强化混凝藻类去除效果、溶解性有机物（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）的变化和去除、消毒副产物的控制等进行了研究,并利用藻类活性测试研究了预臭氧强化混凝除藻机制.结果表明,采用适当浓度的臭氧（如1.0 mg·L^-1）进行预氧化,可有效提高藻类去除率,从常规混凝沉后水的55%～85%上升到95%左右,最高去除率达到99.3%（预臭氧1.0 mg·L^-1,PACl 3.0 mg·L^-1）;THMFP(trihalomethanes formation potential)总体去除效果从常规处理的117 μg·L^-1降至46 μg·L^-1;高投量（≥2.0 mg·L^-1）预臭氧,促进了藻类灭活,但影响了有机物的去除.藻类活性评价臭氧氧化和常规水处理过程对藻类作用存在显著差别.常规混凝对藻类活性影响不明显,不同剂量混凝剂对藻类活性影响差异不大;而臭氧对水体中的藻类有灭活作用,在0.5～2.0 mg·L^-1臭氧条件下,藻类活性降低至12以下,且该指标随着臭氧剂量的加大显著降低.紧随其后的混凝过程中,混凝剂或者其水解过程的某些成分对臭氧灭活藻类有增效/催化作用.与传统的显微计数法相比,藻类活性试验更明确地表征水处理过程对藻类生存状态的影响,为水处理除藻机制研究和工艺设计提供更清晰的信息.     

三峡小江回水区叶绿素a季节变化及其同主要藻类的相互关系

通过分析三峡小江回水区2007年5月～2008年4月115个样品叶绿素a的季节特点,提出了适用于表征小江回水区叶绿素a与不同藻类细胞密度和生物量的3种状态：Chla≤5 μg·L^-1、5 μg·L^-1-1和Chla>19 μg·L^-1,目的是探讨小江回水区不同水平下Chla与同期各主要藻类细胞密度和生物量的相互关系,为进一步了解三峡水库特定水域藻类季节演替特征提供参考. 全年数据下,小江回水区藻类总细胞密度、生物量和叶绿素a间均呈极显著的正相关关系（R>>0.70,Sig.≤0.01）. 研究期间小江回水区叶绿素a、绿藻、硅藻、蓝藻、甲藻生物量均值分别为(9.58±10.77)、(1605±647)、(707±124)、(511±266)和(4019±1345) μg·L^-1. Chla≤5 μg·L^-1的水平下,绿藻、硅藻与Chla浓度呈显著正相关;5 μg·L^-1-1水平下,仅有蓝藻与Chla含量呈显著正相关关系;Chla>19 μg·L^-1时,甲藻与Chla含量呈显著的正相关关系,但其它藻门与Chla含量无显著相关关系.     

崇明东滩沉积物再悬浮对沉积物-水界面氮、磷交换行为的影响

2002年7月采集崇明东滩低潮滩沉积物样和水样,运用模拟实验研究沉积物再悬浮作用对沉积物-水界面三态氮和可溶磷交换行为的影响实验发现,在沉积物不断发生再悬浮的过程中,水体中三态氮的含量明显增加,其中NO₃^--N变化最为显著,升高浓度值达11.869μmol·L^-1,NH₄⁺-N增长2.1713μmol·L^-1,NO₂^--N的释放约为0.2μmol·L^-1,可溶磷的含量也有少量的增加.同时,再悬浮作用对沉积物-水界面三态氮和可溶磷的环境地球化学行为也有一定的影响,与静置状态相比,NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N表现出与静置状态截然相反的变化规律,NO₂^--N受多种因素的影响,变化比较复杂,初期与静置状态相反而后表现一致.再悬浮颗粒物浓度也是制约沉积物-水界面三态氮和可溶磷变化的主要因子之一.实验结果显示,NH₄⁺-N在前7h以内的变化和悬浮颗粒物浓度表现出较好的相关关系,后5h呈负相关关系;NO₂^--N和可溶磷在整个过程中与悬浮颗粒物浓度的变化都有着很好的相关性,只有NO₃^--N的变化与其关系比较薄弱.     

五种水生植物对水中铀的去除作用

采用水培实验,研究了浮叶植物野生水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、漂浮植物浮萍(Lemna minor L)、满江红(Azolla imbircata)、沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、挺水植物空心莲子草(Alligator Alternanthera Herb)在初始铀浓度分别为0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1水中的生长状况及它们对水中铀的去除能力.结果表明,在21 d的水培试验期内,满江红对铀表现出了最强的抗性,0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1的铀对满江红的生长抑制率分别只有4.56%、2.48%和6.79%,而满江红对水中铀的去除率分别达到了94%、97%和92%.进一步的试验表明,每1 L水中种植7.5 g满江红,可以获得最大的铀去除率,将初始铀浓度为1.25、2.50、5.00和10.00 mg·L^-1的水体降至国家排放标准(GB 23727—2009)规定值(0.05 mg·L^-1)以下分别需要17、19、23和25 d.研究结果为进一步开展铀污染水体植物修复的研究打下了基础.     

近海潮间带水体及沉积物中重金属的含量及分布特征

利用ICP-MS分析技术,系统测定了天津沿海潮间带表层海水、悬浮物、沉积物及沉积物间隙水中13种重金属元素的含量.结果表明,不同介质中重金属总含量和个体含量差别较大,最大相差4～7个数量级(水和悬浮物中).在相同介质中,各采样点重金属总含量差别不大,变异系数小于30%,个体重金属浓度除间隙水中差别较大外,变异系数均小于50%.潮间带海水中溶解态重金属含量均值为41.2μg·L^-1,原水、沉积物间隙水、悬浮物和沉积物中重金属含量均值分别为62.7μg·L^-1、112.7μg·L^-1、345.0mg·kg^-1和262.3 mg·kg^-1.潮间带各介质中重金属构成有显著差别,典型重金属元素Zn、Cu、Pb和Cr在原水和过滤水中约占40%～50%,而在悬浮物、沉积物及其间隙水中约占到50%～80%.潮间带水体、悬浮物、沉积物与滨岸土壤中重金属元素组成和分布模式的相似性表明其污染来源为陆源污染物.对悬浮物和沉积物中重金属含量与有机质含量的相关分析结果显示二者间相关性较弱,但各重金属含量之间有显著的相关关系,说明它们有相似的地球化学行为.     

贵阳城市污水及南明河中氯霉素和四环素类抗生素的特征

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱（UV检测）分析了贵阳城市污水、南明河水和沉积物中氯霉素和四环素类抗生素的特征.结果显示,南北两岸污水中氯霉素、土霉素、四环素和金霉素的平均含量分别为27.0、 2.3、 11.0、 1.1 μg·L^-1和21.2、 2.1、 9.5、 0.5 μg·L^-1,其中以氯霉素的污染为主;污水中抗生素的含量呈现明显的季节变化,这与用水量和疾病特点有关.南明河已广泛受到包括农业、养鱼塘、城市污水等来源的抗生素污染,其中城市污水是最重要的来源,受其影响,污水口下游的抗生素污染尤为严重.河水中氯霉素、土霉素和四环素在冬季的含量范围分别在2.1～19.0、ND～3.0、 0.8～6.8 μg·L^-1之间,夏季分别在0.2～1.3、ND～0.03、 0.2～0.3 μg·L^-1之间,金霉素只在冬季检出,含量范围在0.09～0.14 μg·L^-1之间;沉积物中4种抗生素在冬季的平均含量分别为147.6、 76.6、 99.2和1.6 μg·kg^-1;在夏季分别为195.8、 89.1、 34.4和9.0 μg·kg^-1.数据表明,河水中抗生素的含量受河水流量及来源特点的影响很大,冬季河水中抗生素的含量明显高于夏季;沉积物中抗生素的季节变化不明显.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.