构建我国综合防灾法律体系的探讨——源于汶川地震的思考

本文在汲取汶川地震抗震救灾经验教训的基础上,分析了我国防灾领域立法的现状和存在的问题,提出制定综合性"防灾减灾基本法",出台指导防灾减灾各阶段工作的基础性法律,加强各单灾种法律法规等构建我国综合防灾法律体系的对策.     

论增强防灾减灾综合实力的科技支撑

我国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一.发挥科技进步的支撑作用,提高防灾减灾的综合能力是保障我国经济持续快速发展,构建和谐社会的必然选择.通过对国内外防灾减灾科技应用与建设的现状和成功经验的分析,找出了我国在这方面存在的主要问题,提出了增强我国防灾减灾科技支撑的对策建议.     

基于环境质量改善的天津市多部门环境管理协同机制研究

目前我国环境管理体制、机制不健全已成为当下环境管理最主要和最基本的问题之一。改善环境质量需要各级政府、多部门以及社会各方面的共同努力,需要构建完善的环境管理体制、机制做保障。针对天津市环境管理机制的现状及问题,提出构建天津市多部门环境管理协同机制框架,及完善环境管理协同机制的对策建议,提升环境保护工作效益最大化。     

构建我国综合防灾法律体系的探讨

本文在汲取汶川地震抗震救灾经验教训的基础上，分析了我国防灾领域立法的现状和存在的问题，提出制定综合性“防灾减灾基本法”，出台指导防灾减灾各阶段工作的基础性法律，加强各单灾种法律法规等构建我国综合防灾法律体系的对策。     

关于我国跨部门环境管理协调机制的构建研究

环境资源作为公共资源,由于其自身属性和使用方式的多样化决定了环境保护需要多个部门的配合和合作。由于立法、历史等原因,条块分割的环境管理体制下各部门之间管理机构重叠、职能交叉、权限不清,缺乏有效的跨部门环境管理协调机制。根据国外环境管理的先进经验,政府各部门间的有效协调,需要在完备法律体系的基础上,构建一个高规格、跨部门的环境管理协调机构,并采用多种形式的协调手段,建立健全部门协调管理体系;同时加强各部门间的合作和交流,建立起法制化、规范化的行政协助制度,并通过资源整合机制,充分发挥各种社会力量的作用,有助于环境政策的优化以及提高政府各相关部门执法的公正性和有效性。     

关于我国环境保护垂直管理问题的探讨

我国的环境管理体制实行的是统一管理与分级、分部门管理相结合的管理体制。目前针对该管理体制存在的诸多问题,很多人主张国家环保部应对各地方环保部门实行垂直管理,破除地方政府对环境执法的干扰,以实现地方环境保护部门环境管理的独立性。但目前学术界对环境部门实行垂直管理的有效性问题存在较大的争议,而且从其他部门实施垂直管理的实践来看,效果并不理想。垂直管理能否达到预期目标仍然值得商榷。然而无论是垂直管理还是分级管理,都需要一个合理的制度安排作为基础和保障,才能真正地发挥其管理制度的有效性。因此真正意义上的垂直不应局限于行政权利上的变动,还应该包括对法律的垂直和对公众的垂直,只有通过加强法制化和公开化建设,构建和完善切实有效的保障制度,才有助于解决我国环境行政管理体制的深层次问题。     

谈我国污染源在线监控与预警系统建设的主要问题

本文阐述了我国重点污染源在线监控与预警系统建设的发展过程、管理现状和存在的主要问题。近年来,污染源在线自动监控与预警系统建设在我国发展的十分迅速,污染源自动在线监测仪器设备标准化、网络系统统一化、运营管理制度化等问题比较突出,提出了在加强和重视污染源在线自动监测信息网络系统建设的同时,应加强监控管理,理顺管理体制和运行机制等方面的建议。     

应对气候变化须加强地方管理

我国各地方应对气候变化的工作已取得了一定进展,但还存在机构职能不明确、工作机制不完善、缺乏温室气体排放统计和监管制度、技术支撑不足等问题。加强管理体制的建设是当务之急。     

破解中国环境保护管理体制改革难题

随着经济社会的快速发展,环境问题变得更为复杂、严峻.为了更好地解决环境问题,中国政府通过加强行政主管部门职能和机构建设、制定完善法律法规、健全监测体系和加大执法力度等方面的改革加强了环境保护管理体制建设,但是这其中还是不断碰到各种难题,致使环境保护管理体制改革仍然滞后于现实需求.     

环境监察效能亟待提高

近年来,随着经济的快速增长,环境监察领域的逐步拓展,环境监察工作日益繁重.然而由于现有环保法律不完善、监察力量薄弱,监察手段落后、管理体制不顺等原因,环境监察工作不断暴露出一些问题,提高环境监察效能已刻不容缓.作者结合工作实践,就如何提高环境监察效能,提出首先要明确环境监察执法主体资格,理顺执法体制,其次通过加强硬件建设和队伍建设来强化执法手段和执法水平,并通过进一步完善公众参与机制和环境稽查机制,推动环境监察部门全面提高执法能力.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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