富里酸对针铁矿吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响机理

为研究复杂三元体系中FA(fulvic acid,富里酸)对针铁矿吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,探究FA对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)在环境中迁移转化的作用机理,通过改变FA的添加顺序及添加量,系统研究了FA存在时Cr(Ⅵ)在针铁矿上的吸附行为.结果表明:不添加FA时,离子强度增大促进了针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附;ρ(FA)为50 mg/L时,离子强度增加会抑制针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.pH为6.98、离子强度为1.0 mol/L时,针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量比不添加FA时高11.0%.pH为2.98时,添加FA后针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量最大,比不添加FA时高31.9%.无论是否添加FA,升温均有利于针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附,其吸附机理可能是氢键、偶极间力等作用.FA的添加顺序对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量的影响表现为后添加FA>先添加FA>同时添加FA>对照.研究显示,FA的存在能显著改变针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为.      

餐厨垃圾好氧生物处理菌株的选育

文章以枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌等10株细菌为出发菌株,以耐高温、生长速度快、生物安全性、生物拮抗性以及产酶能力为筛选原则,从中筛选得到4株细菌,分别为:地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis,TKFW1003)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium,TKFW1005)、纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto,TKFW1102)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,TKFW1108)。然后将筛选得到的4株细菌按10%的比例添加到30 L固态发酵罐中,再添加10%的麸皮和50%的水为辅料,对餐厨垃圾进行固态发酵处理。最后将固态发酵结束后得到的产品取出烘干粉碎,经检测:经好氧微生物处理后得到的产品,其有效活菌数、有机质含量、水分含量及蛔虫卵死亡率等指标均达到了农业部农用有机肥标准,此法实现了餐厨垃圾的无害化、资源化、减量化处理,具有生产成本低、无二次污染、可操作性强等优点。     

城市污泥模拟堆肥过程中高温菌群的筛选、鉴定及降解效果

在城市污泥模拟堆肥过程的高温期通过平板培养法筛选出一组强化菌群.该组菌群不但可以分解污泥有机质,还可以分解淀粉、蛋白质、油脂、纤维素等大分子有机物.经鉴定,筛选出的菌种分别为地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)、短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)、高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces)、凝结芽孢杆菌(B.coagulans)、枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis);将菌株两两接种到平板,发现各菌株间可以共存.将上述菌种混合后添加到堆肥样品中,其有机质去除率、脱氢酶增加率、比耗氧速率SOUR增加率均高出不加菌样品40%以上,表明该组菌群具有使堆肥腐熟进程加快的应用潜力.     

微生物还原针铁矿胶体的动力学特征及其影响因素

基于典型的希瓦氏金属还原菌(Shewanella decolorationis S12)和针铁矿相互作用的现象,探讨了电子供体、针铁矿浓度及氧化还原中介体2-磺酸钠蒽醌(AQS)对其相互作用的影响.结果表明, AQS加入使针铁矿的微生物还原程度得到加强,在添加AQS的0.5mmol/L针铁矿体系中,厌氧培养38天后,被还原解离出的Fe(ΙΙ)浓度是未添加AQS的394%.针铁矿的归一化还原速率表明,当电子供体浓度一定时,随着针铁矿浓度增加,针铁矿的还原酶促反应显著减弱.米氏拟合方程表明,以不同浓度的针铁矿为底物时, S12菌-针铁矿相互作用过程的拟合相关系数R2分别为0.843(添加AQS)和0.998(未添加AQS),电子转移载体的存在以及底物类型的不同均对Vmax和Km值均有一定程度的影响.在微生物在还原针铁矿过程中,其还原速率越大,用于ATP合成所需能量 值也随之升高,S12菌和针铁矿的还原反应达到平衡时, Gibbs自由能变化(DGr)达最大值.     

Rpf对印染废水中VBNC菌复苏活化的研究

用已达国家二级标准的印染废水,活化分离培养反应器中的VBNC优势细菌,设计处理组(添加Rpf)与对照组(未添加Rpf)进行对比试验,确认Rpf对VBNC菌的复苏活化效果。实验得到4种菌株,经16S rRNA基因测序鉴定,优势菌种为:一般可培养细菌的近缘种类为芽孢杆菌;经Rpf复苏活化的细菌有芽孢杆菌、寡养单胞菌、沃氏葡萄球菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌等细菌,证实利用Rpf能够分离获得一些处于VBNC状态的菌种。经查阅可知这些近缘菌种具有降解苯胺、吡虫啉、杂环农药等机能。     

腐殖酸对针铁矿吸附磷的影响机理

通过添加HA(Humic acid,腐殖酸),研究不同环境条件下HA对针铁矿吸附磷的影响. 结果显示,加入HA能显著降低磷吸附量,pH为4.5时分别加入100和40 mg/L HA,磷的最大吸附量分别降低了26.6%和25.6%;pH为7.0时分别加入100和40 mg/L HA,磷的最大吸附量分别降低了26.8%和23.1%. 不同添加顺序试验结果表明:针铁矿对磷的吸附量大小顺序为后添加HA>同时添加HA和磷>先添加HA;无论是否添加HA,针铁矿对磷的吸附量都随着pH的升高而降低,相应的吸附等温线也都符合Langmuir吸附等温方程;总有机碳和红外光谱特征表明,HA和磷在针铁矿表面吸附点位形成竞争吸附,并且针铁矿表面的羟基在吸附磷和HA的过程中起到了一定的作用.      

成团泛菌MFC-3的分离鉴定及其腐殖质/Fe(Ⅲ)呼吸特性研究

从地下古森林沉积物样品中富集分离到1株腐殖质/Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌MFC-3菌株,经16S rDNA基因序列分析,该菌与成团泛菌Pantoea agglomerans WAB1951的相似性为99%,确定为成团泛菌.通过序批式厌氧实验考察了MFC-3的腐殖质呼吸活性、电子利用情况以及对4种铁氧化物的还原活性.结果表明,MFC-3能够以AQDS为唯一电子受体进行厌氧胞外呼吸,可利用的电子供体有:甲酸、乳酸、丙三醇、柠檬酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖,且AQDS还原速率顺序为:蔗糖葡萄糖柠檬酸乳酸丙三醇甲酸;以葡萄糖作为电子供体时,48 h内0.3 mmol.L-1的AQDS被还原,同时4.5 mmol.L-1葡萄糖被消耗,菌数增殖近7倍,证明MFC-3能够进行腐殖质呼吸;MFC-3还能以多种Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物为电子受体进行厌氧呼吸,25 d内分别有2.5 mmol.L-1水铁矿、2.1 mmol.L-1纤铁矿、2.3 mmol.L-1针铁矿及0.8 mmol.L-1赤铁矿被还原溶解.本研究为胞外呼吸研究与应用提供1株适宜的模式菌株.     

微生物除臭剂的筛选、复配及其除臭条件的优化

为了获取作为除臭微生物制剂的候选菌株,从垃圾渗滤液中分离筛选了4株具有对NH3和H2S高效降解菌株,分别标记为CC3、CC7、CC13和CC16.通过形态、生理生化和16S r DNA序列分析,分别鉴定为乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis).菌株CC7、CC13和CC16组成的复配组合除臭效率最优,其复配比例为1∶1.5∶0.5,对NH3和H2S的去除率分别为83.56%和70.25%.通过单因素实验,确定微生物除臭剂最佳除臭条件:除臭时间为60 h,菌剂使用量为5%,除臭温度为30℃,初始培养基p H值为6.5.     

人工合成铁、铝矿物和镁铝双金属氧化物对土壤砷的钝化效应

应用室内模拟培养的方法,研究了人工合成铁、铝矿物和镁铝双金属氧化物对砷超标土壤中砷的钝化效果.每种钝化剂均设置0.1％、0.5％、1.0％、2.5％和5.0％五个添加量处理.结果表明,添加水铝矿明显降低了土壤pH值,其中,添加5％水铝矿的处理降幅最大,达到1.20;而添加镁铝双金属氧化物则显著提高了土壤pH值,5％镁铝双金属氧化物的处理土壤pH值由5.04最高可提高至8.09.添加铁铝矿物均降低了土壤有效砷的含量,下降幅度为1.89％～64.15％;而添加镁铝双金属氧化物则使土壤有效砷含量增加;添加水铁矿和针铁矿处理对提高土壤中残留态砷含量的作用较为明显.总体看来,两种人工合成铁矿较镁铝双金属氧化物和水铝矿对土壤中砷有更好的钝化效果,可以作为钝化剂应用于土壤中砷的钝化.     

畜禽粪便源芽孢杆菌多样性及对铜耐受性研究

芽孢杆菌制剂广泛应用于畜禽养殖和粪污处理等领域,铜作为饲料添加剂用于畜禽养殖,导致畜禽粪便中大量残留,在此压力下芽孢杆菌等会产生铜耐受性,由于芽孢杆菌的抗逆性,这种耐受性可由可移动遗传元件介导在环境中传播.本研究采集了多个规模化养殖场的牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪,从粪便中分离芽孢杆菌,通过PCR技术、最小抑菌浓度测定和全基因组测序方法,了解畜禽粪便中芽孢杆菌对铜耐受性.研究发现：(1)分离出芽孢杆菌属23种芽孢杆菌共235株.分离数量前三分别是枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)77株,占总数的32.77%;蜡样芽孢杆菌(B.cereus)31株,占比13.19%;贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B.velezensis)28株,占比11.91%.(2)芽孢杆菌对铜耐受表型和基因型研究发现,铜对芽孢杆菌的MIC集中在200～400 mg·L^-1,占总数235株的77.87%(n=183),铜耐受能力较高的菌株能够达到500～600 mg·L^-1,占总数的16.17%(n=38),5株MIC达到600 mg·L^-1的菌株全部来自于猪粪...     

山水林田湖草生命共同体的科学认知、路径及制度体系保障

山水林田湖草生命共同体是对人与自然和谐统一关系的新认知,是生态文明理论的重要组成部分。以建立一个山水林田湖草生命共同体的研究范式为目的,系统剖析了山水林田湖草生命共同体理论与应用在基础探索、快速发展和多元繁荣三个阶段的研究重点与特征;再次审视了山水林田湖草生命共同体的内涵、阐明了概念新认知、基本特征、人与生命共同体关系;最后提出面向山水林田湖草生命共同体的“问题—目标—时空策略—目的”的实施路径,及构建以自然资源监测监管体系、自然资源资产产权体系、国土空间规划体系、国土空间用途管制体系、国土空间生态修复体系、法律法规体系等为主的制度体系,进而提升其科学性和实用性,为构建国土空间治理体系及治理能力现代化提供决策支撑。     

Bio-removal of mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes/total petroleum hydrocarbons/trichloroethylene from contaminated water

Four pure cultures were isolated from soil samples potentially contaminated with gasoline compounds either at a construction site near a gas station in Fai Chi Kei, Macau SAR or in the northern parts of China (Beijing, and Hebei and Shandong). The e ects of di erent concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-) of xylene (BTEX), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and trichloroethylene (TCE), when they were present in mixtures, on the bio-removal e ciencies of microbial isolates were investigated, together with their interactions during the bio-removal process. When the isolates were tested for the BTEX (50–350 mg/L)/TPH (2000 mg/L) mixture, BTEoX in BTEoX/TPH mixture was shown with higher bio-removal e ciencies, while BTEmX in BTEmX/TPH mixture was shown with the lowest, regardless of isolates. The TPH in BTEmX/TPH mixture, on the other hand, were generally shown with higher bio-removal e ciencies compared to when TPH mixed with BTEoX and BTEpX. When these BTEX mixtures (at 350 mg/L) were present with TCE (5–50 mg/L), the stimulatory e ect of TCE toward BTEoX bio-removal was observed for BTEoX/TCE mixture, while the inhibitory e ect of TCE toward BTEmX for BTEmX/TCE mixture. The bio-removal e ciency for TPH was shown lower in TPH (2000 mg/L)/TCE (5–50 mg/L) mixtures compared to TPH present alone, implying the inhibitory e ect of TCE toward TPH bio-removal. For the mixture of BTEX (417 mg/L), TPH (2000 mg/L) along with TCE (5– 50 mg/L), TCE was shown co-metabolically removed more e ciently at 15 mg/L, probably utilizing BTEX and/or TPH as primary substrates.     

Prenatal detection of 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX mosaicism through amniocentesis: Mosaicism confirmed in cord blood,amnion, and chorion

Sex chromosome mosaicism in amniotic fluid cells poses a serious dilemma in prenatal diagnosis. Chromosome analysis of 56 primary clones of amniocytes revealed three distinct cell lines. Nine cells (16.1 per cent) demonstrated a 45,X karyotype, 11 cells (19.6 per cent) a 47,XXX karyotype, and the remaining 36 cells (64.3 per cent) had a modal number of 46 chromosomes (46,XX). Cytogenetic evaluation of 100 cells from cord blood, amnion, and chorion following delivery confirmed this triple mosaicism. However, the distribution of the three karyotypes in the pre- and postnatal samples was not found in the same proportions. The cord blood had the most similar frequency to that of the amniotic fluid sample, while the chorion had a significantly increased frequency of 47,XXX cells (41 per cent) and a decreased frequency of 45,X cells (2 per cent). Physical examination of the infant at birth revealed no discernible phenotypic abnormalities. Parental karyotypes were normal. This case highlights the difficulty in determining whether a prenatally detected abnormality will be associated with postnatal phenotypic deviation.     

京津冀区域霾天气特征

汇总京津冀区域内107个地面站的气象资料,利用14时实测的气象要素和天气现象资料对霾日进行判别,统计出各个站点1980~2008年中逐年及各月的霾日数.结果表明,北京、天津、河北霾天气整体变化趋势和波动特征较为相似,且均呈增加趋势,非城区站点平均霾日数明显呈增加趋势,且与市区站点霾日数的差距越来越小.京津冀区域霾日数的月际变化呈明显的双峰特征,即夏季和冬季霾日数较高.空间分布表明,霾日数高值区主要位于北京、天津、保定、石家庄、邯郸和邢台等地.多数站点霾日14时平均风速比非霾日低了1.0m/s以上,14时平均相对湿度则比非霾日高出20%以上.     

漓江流域δD和δ18O对蒸发的指示作用

以漓江流域为例查明不同水体之间氢氧稳定同位素组成特征,并探讨氢氧稳定同位素对漓江流域的蒸发过程指示作用.结果表明：流域内不同水体之间,氢氧稳定同位素表现出不同的组成特征,地表水和地下水,在丰水期δD值和δ¹⁸O值要比枯水期更容易富集,地下水的δD值和δ¹⁸O值分布范围较地表水小;随着水温的升高,δ¹⁸O的变化趋势比d-excess明显.从漓江上游到下游高程逐渐下降,河水线的斜率和截距也在逐渐减小,其中漓江下游河水线的斜率和截距要低于当地大气降水线,表明下游受到蒸发作用较强烈;地下河水线、地表河水线在一定程度上偏离当地大气降水线,但偏离程度较小,表明三者之间有很好的水力联系.受温度和湿度的共同影响,漓江干流丰水期河水的蒸发量占最初水体总量的0.7%~9.1%,枯水期河水的蒸发量占最初水体总量的2.6%~9.7%,丰水期的蒸发比例低于枯水期,从上游到下游蒸发比例在逐渐上升.研究区蒸发量估算值为959.40mm,与多年实测值少43.11mm,相对误差4.70%.氢氧稳定同位素对研究区降水、地表水、地下水之间的转换规律具有重要的实际意义,在今后的漓江流域水文研究中有着更加广阔的空间.     

Prenatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism—A review and update

A total of 54 cases with prenatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism was reviewed. Of 47 cases with information on phenotypic outcome, 42 cases (89·4 percent) were reported to be associated with a grossly normal male phenotype. Three cases (6·4 percent) were diagnosed as having mixed gonadal dysgenesis with internal asymmetrical gonads. Two other cases were questionably abnormal. In 40 cases with successful cytogenetic confirmatory studies, the overall rate of cytogenetic confirmation of 45,X/46,XY from tissues derived from fetus/liveborn/placenta was 70·O per cent. This review shows a major difference in the phenotypic outcome between postnatal diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis. Due to the ascertainment bias, almost all known patients with postnatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are phenotypically abnormal. Therefore, caution must be used in translating information derived from postnatal diagnosis to prenatal diagnosis. This review calls for collection of more data on 45,X/46,XY mosaicism diagnosed prenatally, more long-term follow-up of liveborn infants, and pathological studies of all abortuses. Emphasis is placed also on the importance of genetic counselling, ultrasound examination, and cytogenetic confirmation.     

Relationships of ozone formation sensitivity with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types, in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Due to the influences of precursors emissions, meteorology, geography and other factors, ozone formation sensitivity (OFS) is generally spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This study characterized detailed spatial and temporal variations of OFS in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2012 to 2016 based on OMI satellite data, and analyzed the relationships of OFS with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types (LUTs). From 2012 to 2016, the OFS tended to be NO_x-limited in GBA, with the value of FNR (HCHO/NO₂) increasing from 2.04 to 2.22. According to the total annual emission statistics of precursors, NO_x emissions decreased by 33.1% and VOCs emissions increased by 35.2% from 2012 to 2016, directly resulting in OFS tending to be NO_x-limited. The Grey Relation Analysis results show that total column water (TCW), surface net solar radiation (SSR), air temperature at 2 m (T2) and surface pressure (SP) are the top four meteorological factors with the greatest influences on OFS. There are significant positive correlations between FNR and T2, SSR, TCW, and significant negative correlations between FNR and SP. In GBA, the OFS tends to be NO_x-limited regime in wet season (higher T2, SSR, TCW and lower SP) and VOCs-limited regime in dry season (lower T2, SSR, TCW and higher SP). The FNR displays obvious gradient variations on different LUTs, with the highest in “Rural areas”, second in “Suburban areas” and lowest in “Urban areas”.     

吉林省农田黑土中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间分布特征

利用地统计学方法研究了吉林省黑土区耕层土壤(0～20cm)中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间结构及其分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤Pb含量属中等程度的空间相关,而Cd、As含量属空间弱相关.3种元素含量的空间变异主要受人为的随机性因素的影响.利用半方差函数的分析结果经普通克立格插值得到了3种元素含量的空间分布图.结果显示,在空间分布上,受不同污染源的影响,土壤Cd、Pb、As含量表现出不同的分布特征.土壤Cd含量较高的地区主要分布于煤矿区周围;土壤Pb含量高的样点主要分布于城郊及公路两侧;煤矿区周围及城郊农田土壤中As含量相对较高.     

青藏高原北部土壤正构烷烃氢同位素及物源意义

采用正构烷烃及其单体氢同位素组成特征相结合的方法研究了青藏高原北部多年冻土区表层土壤正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₃₃）的生物来源.研究表明：表层土壤中正构烷烃呈双峰型和三峰型的分布特征,表明其具有多个生物来源.长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）主要来源于陆源高等植物.表层土壤中长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）中奇碳数正构烷烃的δD值比偶碳数的整体偏轻,原因可能是两者的生物合成途径不同.对中等链长正构烷烃聚类分析后分为两种类型,类型I的中等链长正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₂₄）主要来源于陆源高等植物,类型Ⅱ的中等链长正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物降解的产物.表层土壤样品（FHS-10、TG2-10和TG3-10）中等链长的正构烷烃δD值最轻,应为δD值偏轻的水源和细菌等微生物降解共同作用的结果.     

Prenatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism in a fetus with asymmetric gonadal dysgenesis

An 18 week abortus had been prenatally diagnosed as a 45,X/46,XY mosaic. The fetus was a phenotypic male with glandular hypospadias, a horseshoe kidney and asymmetric gonadal dysgenesis. This case represents a rare instance of prenatally diagnosed 45,X/46,XY mosaicism with an abnormal phenotype.