土壤重金属对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的生态毒性效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤(红壤、草甸棕壤、暗棕壤和栗钙土)条件下,铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜种子发芽与根伸长的抑制率,以及暗棕壤条件下重金属的复合污染效应.结果表明,同一浓度下,重金属对白菜根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.重金属在土壤中对白菜根伸长抑制效应明显低于其在水体中的抑制效应, 这表明土壤对重金属污染有重要的缓冲作用.铜、锌、铅、镉污染对白菜根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质和土壤氮含量显著负相关;但与土壤pH和土壤钾含量的相关性不显著.铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜根伸长为刺激作用浓度下,复合污染即产生明显的协同作用,其结果使白菜根伸长的抑制效应阈值明显降低.     

重金属对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长的抑制效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤中铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长抑制率以及草甸棕壤条件下重金属复合污染的生态效应.结果表明,重金属对西红柿根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.土壤重金属明显低于水体重金属对西红柿根伸长的抑制.抑制率大小排列为红壤>>草甸棕壤>栗钙土>暗棕壤.铜、锌、铅、镉对西红柿根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质、土壤凯氏氮、全钾含量显著线性负相关(P=0.05);与土壤pH值和土壤全磷含量线性不相关(P=0.05).重金属复合污染对西红柿根伸长表现为协同作用和拮抗作用.     

镉、铅诱导的玉米(zea maysL．)幼苗细胞超微结构的变化*

用透射电镜观察镉、铅处理5天后的玉米幼苗根、叶细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明，锅5ppm，铅100ppm处理时，玉米根叶细胞核无明显伤害。但当镉，铅浓度增大时，细胞核变形，核膜皱折。当镉50ppm、铅1000ppm时，出现核空泡，核膜破裂。线粒体是对重金属较敏感的细胞器。较低浓度处理时，线粒体内腔嵴突减少或消失。当镉50ppm和铅1000ppm处理时，线粒体肿胀成巨大型线粒体，内腔空泡，有的线粒体溃解。镉、铅破坏了叶绿体膜系统，较低浓度处理时，使叶绿体基粒垛迭减少，当镉，铅浓度升高时，可见类囊体肿胀或缺失，基粒垛迭无规律，无基质片层，脂类小球增大增多。镉50ppm和铅1000ppm处理时，可观察到叶绿体膜系统溃解，叶绿体皱缩成球形。因此，高浓度镐、铅对玉米幼苗超微结构的伤害是不可逆转的，将造成细胞死亡。     

铜、镉及其交互作用对泡泡草细胞超微结构的影响

为了解铜、镉对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞亚显微结构的毒害及作用位点 ,以期为进一步研究鸭跖草属植物的耐重金属机理提供理论基础 ,本文通过透射电子显微技术研究了 75 μmol·L-1铜和 5 0 μmol·L-1镉及其交互污染对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞超微结构的影响和铜、镉在细胞中的分布 .结果表明 :75 μmol·L-1铜和 5 0 μmol·L-1镉均对泡泡草根细胞造成明显损伤 .铜使根细胞产生质壁分离、细胞质浓缩、部分细胞空泡化 ,使线粒体脊突消失、结构模糊、外膜破坏 ;镉使根细胞空泡化 ,并在部分空泡化的细胞里产生大小不等的颗粒状物 ;铜、镉交互污染使根细胞受害程度加深 ,并兼有两者的受害症状特征 :线粒体结构彻底破坏、空泡化细胞里的颗粒物更大电子密度更高、质壁分离现象更普遍、质膜上的颗粒物沉淀更大 .铜、镉及其交互污染使泡泡草茎细胞产生质壁分离 ,对叶细胞无明显伤害 .所以铜、镉及其交互作用在试验浓度下 ,对泡泡草各器官的损伤程度为根 >茎 >叶 .     

重金属铜、锌、镉、铅复合污染对土壤环境微生物群落的影响

以铜锌冶炼厂附近的水稻土为例 ,研究了重金属复合污染对土壤微生物群落的影响 .结果表明 ,有效铜、锌、镉、铅与微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物商、微生物生物量氮 全氮均呈显著负相关 .重金属污染均能降低细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量 .用BIOLOG生态盘研究了重金属污染对微生物群落结构的影响 ,发现重金属污染明显影响了微生物群落结构 ,反映在典型变量 1(CV1)与重金属元素含量呈极显著正相关 ,因此认为典型变量 1是反映重金属污染程度的有效指标 .经逐步回归分析发现 ,有效铜是影响典型变量 1最主要的因素 .     

辽宁某冶炼厂重金属污染对土壤中微生物的有效性影响

对某铜锌冶炼厂周边土壤微生物区系和土壤抗性细菌数进行了实验分析。结果表明,在冶炼厂周边土壤几种重金属含量与对照区土壤相比明显的增加。冶炼厂周边土壤中,土壤微生物的总数下降,土壤微生物各主要生理类群数量明显减少。抗性实验结果表明:由于土壤长期受重金属污染影响,土壤中细菌抗重金属水平提高,耐性菌种多。     

104国道江苏段公路两侧重金属污染现状调查

对104国道江苏段(南京至宜兴段)公路两侧土壤、大气、农作物(水稻)中的主要重金属(铅、镉、铬、铜、锌、镍)含量进行调查与评价,结果显示:国道两侧土壤已受到重金属污染,水稻受重金属铅轻微污染.     

一种硅钙稳定剂对水稻吸收重金属的抑制效应

采用盆栽试验研究一种硅钙稳定剂对污染农田土壤中重金属的稳定效果及水稻吸收土壤中重金属的抑制效应。结果表明:(1)添加硅钙稳定剂可提高土壤pH,降低土壤中重金属有效态百分比含量(有效态/总量),抑制水稻对重金属的吸收。其中水稻分蘖期铅有效态百分比降幅为9.06%~18.6%,铜有效态百分比降幅为24.4%~27.4%,锌有效态百分比降幅为1.81%~5.4%;水稻成熟期铅有效态百分比降幅为59.8%~62.6%,铜有效态百分比降幅为30.6%~50.1%,锌有效态百分比降幅为21.8%~22.7%。(2)从不同时期比较,成熟期土壤中铅、铜、锌有效态百分比明显高于分蘖期;从土壤中不同元素重金属有效态百分比比较,铜锌铅;从硅钙稳定剂对不同元素重金属稳定效果比较,铅锌铜。(3)添加适量的硅钙稳定剂能抑制水稻对重金属的吸收,促进水稻的生长。综合硅钙稳定剂对土壤中重金属稳定效果、水稻吸收重金属抑制效应及水稻生长效应,合适的添加量是硅钙稳定剂修复重金属污染农田土壤的关键因素。     

呈贡县菜区大棚土壤中重金属污染调查研究

通过对云南省昆明地区呈贡县大棚菜区土壤中重金属铜、锌、铅、镉积累的测定分析,探讨了不同年限大棚菜区土壤中重金属铜、锌、铅、镉的积累状况,结果表明：呈贡县大棚菜区土壤中铜、锌含量严重超标,积累严重,使用10a以上的大棚土壤中铜锌含量分别是昆明地区自然土壤背景值的2．22倍和1．71倍;铅积累不明显;镉含量随着使用年限的增加有增加趋势,当大棚使用年限达到10a以上时,其镉含量显著高于非大棚土壤,是非大棚土壤中镉含量的1．73倍。     

江汉平原城郊菜地土壤重金属的环境质量评价

对江汉平原5个典型城市郊区菜地土壤中的重金属(铜、锌、铅、镉、镍、砷)含量进行测定分析,并应用单因子污染指数法对其环境质量进行评价。结果表明如以土壤背景值为评价标准,则该区域菜地土壤的重金属基本上超过污染指标,污染程度为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb>Ni>As;如以国家《土壤重金属污染评价标准》为评价标准,则菜地土壤的重金属未超过污染指标。5个调查区中,宜昌市菜地土壤重金属污染程度大于其它4个地区。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.