淮南选矸电解生产Al-Si-Ti合金的研究

对淮南煤矸石低温焙烧酸浸脱杂并电解生产Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｔｉ合金进行了研究。结果表明，采用工艺生产Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｔｉ合金切实可行，关键在煤矸石中杂质的脱除，焙烧温度是影响脱杂的主要因素。在３００－４５０℃之间能取得最佳脱杂效果，其杂质问题由１０％左右降低到１．５％以下；脱杂煤矸石在温度为１０００℃左右、阴阳极电流密度分别 为０．７和１．０Ａ／ｃｍ＾２电解条件下能被还原并共同沉积形成合金，所得合金化学组成符     

新集煤矸石脱杂工艺的研究

通过对新集煤矸石脱杂工艺试验，认为较佳脱杂效果的工艺条件为焙烧温度４００￣４５０℃，浸出温度１１０℃，浸出温度１１０℃，盐酸浓度１５％，浸出时间１２０ｍｉｎ，浆浓度２５ｇ／１００ｍＨＣｌ。     

组合式间歇曝气系统处理城市污水试验研究

组合式间歇曝气系统（ＰＩＡＳ）〔１〕是一种连续进、出水，间歇曝气、不外加碳源的脱氮活性污泥一池处理工艺。本系统较佳运行条件是：污泥负荷０１～０２５ｋｇＢＯＤ５／（ｋｇＭＬＳＳ·ｄ），污泥浓度５～８ｇ／Ｌ，泥龄３０ｄ，水力停留时间３～５ｈ，ＤＯ２～３ｍｇ／Ｌ，水温２２～２８℃，曝气时间１５～４ｈ，停曝时间１５～３０ｈ。在此条件下，当进水ＣＯＤ浓度１４０～４６４ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３Ｎ２３～４８ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＴＮ３４～５２ｍｇ／Ｌ，出水全面达到二级处理厂的一级排放标准。总氮去除平均达８１％。此外，该系统比传统的二级处理节省运行能耗２４％左右，同时试验结果表明该系统剩余污泥量极小。     

从煤矸石中提取氧化铝

本文介绍了以煤矸石为例原料，经细磨，焙烧，酸浸，去杂，浓缩，碱解，煅烧制备α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３的方法，产品纯度９９．９％。     

煤矸石-石灰石-纯碱烧结过程研究

从煤矸石中提取氧化铝、并用残渣直接煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料，同时将废气、废液循环利用，是煤矸石高附加值、低污染资源化综合利用的新工艺．通过对该工艺的煤矸石石灰石纯碱烧结过程固相反应历程的分析和研究，揭示了烧结过程的反应特点，并讨论了烧结温度和烧结时间对氧化铝提取率的影响．当烧结温度为１０４０℃、烧结时间为８０ｍｉｎ时，氧化铝的提取率可达到最大值８５２％．     

BF4-废水水解法实验

常温下用水解法处理ＢＦ４废水．实验采用铝盐作主水解剂，试剂Ａ作助水解剂，ｐＨ值小于３，在常温条件下实现了对ＢＦ４的高效水解．研究结果表明，ＢＦ４∶Ａｌ３＋∶Ａ的质量比为１∶０．８∶０．１，水解时间６～３ｈ，水解率达到９９．５％以上．使用助水解剂Ａ，缩短了水解时间，减少了铝盐用量，对高浓度的ＢＦ４废水效果尤为显著，水解时间可缩短一半，主水解剂用量可减少１／５，处理后出水中的ＢＦ４含量可降到１０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下．     

清洁治理煤矸石废弃物

煤矸石的主要成分是Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２和Ｃ，将其破碎，焙烧、酸溶、过滤，滤液加碱调整盐基度，可得合格的碱式氯化铝溶液，滤渣中加入氢氧化钠溶液制得水玻璃。该工艺产品附加值高，无二次污染。     

含硫废水电净化工艺试验研究

对电氧化处理含硫废水的工艺和机理进行了探讨和模拟实验。在容积为１０Ｌ，ｐＨ７０～１００，Ｓ２－浓度５０～１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤＣｒ２６０～２７００ｍｇ／Ｌ的无隔离电净化槽液中，温度３０～６０℃，槽压３～５Ｖ，通过电量０８～３６Ａｈ／Ｌ时，脱硫率与ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率分别达９３％和８５％，每ｋｇ硫能耗４９５ｋＷ·ｈ或每污水耗能２００ｋＷ·ｈ。处理成本为氧化脱硫或汽提脱硫的１／３～１／２。     

环境质量评价的新方法——化学指数法

环境质量评价的新方法——化学指数法●山东省环境保护科学研究设计院张高生ＣＩ＝ｎΣｉ＝１ｗｉｗ１ｗ２ｗｎｑｉ＝ｑ１·ｑ２…ｑｎｎΣｉ＝１Ｗｉ＝１参数单位权重饱和溶解氧％０．２０ＢＤＤ５ｍｇ／ｌ０．２０水温℃０．８０氨氮（ＮＨ４－Ｎ）ｍｇ／ｌ０．１５硝酸...     

从花生壳中提取糠醛的工艺研究

控讨了从提取菲丁后的花生壳中提取糠醛的工艺路线及工艺条件。实验证明：在花生粒度为 ２～４ｍ ｍ ，温度为 １０５℃、酸浓度为 ０１ｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ、浴比为 ０８～１２ 的条件下，糠醛提取率可达 ５１％左右。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.