A/O MBR处理生活污水效率与菌群多样性的关系

采用缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器（A/O MBR）工艺处理生活污水,试运行了5种不同的工况以确定最佳工艺参数,利用变性凝胶梯度电泳（DGGE）技术研究缺氧池和好氧池（MBR）中细菌群落结构,分析出水水质与细菌种群多样性的关系.结果表明A/O MBR在水力停留时间（HRT）为12 h,污泥停留时间（SRT）为10 d,硝化液回流比为300%,污泥回流比为100%的条件下,对COD、氨氮、总氮有稳定良好的去除,平均去除率分别为96.4%、99.1%、75.8%;系统运行过程中,缺氧池和好氧池中菌群结构发生较大变化,同一工况下两池菌群的相似性通常大于50%,但缺氧池菌群多样性随工况变换而波动较大,好氧池菌群多样性随运行时间而逐渐丰富;缺氧池菌群多样性指数与反硝化效率成正相关关系.     

Functional relationship between ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea populations in the secondary treatment system of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

The abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea and their amoA genes from the aerobic activated sludge tanks, recycled sludge and anaerobic digesters of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was determined. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to generate diversity profiles, which showed that each population had a consistent profile although the abundance of individual members varied. In the aerobic tanks, the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) population was more than 350 times more abundant than the ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) population, however in the digesters, the AOA population was more than 10 times more abundant. Measuring the activity of the amoA gene expression of the two populations using RT-PCR also showed that the AOA amoA gene was more active in the digesters than in the activated sludge tanks. Using batch reactors and ddPCR, amoA activity could be measured and it was found that when the AOB amoA activity was inhibited in the anoxic reactors, the expression of the AOA amoA gene increased fourfold. This suggests that these two populations may have a cooperative relationship for the oxidation of ammonia.     

废水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

废水处理厂被认为是抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的重要污染源.为探究抗性基因在进水状况复杂的废水处理厂沿程的分布变化特征,选取以生产抗生素为主导行业的某化工园区废水处理厂,使用实时荧光定量PCR对废水处理厂沿程ARGs的种类、丰度变化进行研究.结果表明,废水处理厂水体中检出16种ARGs,四环素类、磺胺类ARGs为废水处理厂中占主导的抗性基因,并检出可移动遗传元件int I1,其丰度与磺胺类抗性基因的丰度(P 0. 05,r 0. 95)存在相关性,表明可移动遗传元件int I1可能促进了磺胺类抗性基因的迁移和转化.园区医药企业以合成大环内酯类抗生素为主,由于选择性压力,园区废水中,erm B抗性基因的绝对丰度远远高于其他废水中erm B的绝对丰度.废水经过废水处理厂生物处理工艺,总ARGs绝对丰度下降了1. 16个数量级,经过芬顿工艺处理后,总ARGs绝对丰度下降了2. 46个数量级,表明该废水处理工艺中深度处理工艺对ARGs的去除效果优于生物处理.高浓度、可移动的ARGs已经存在于水体中,如果没有得到有效治理,从废水处理厂排出,将给环境带来高度风险.     

基于宏基因组技术分析MBR膜清洗后污泥中抗性基因

污水处理厂作为抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）的重要储存库,是自然界ARGs的主要来源之一.膜生物反应器（membrane bioreactor,MBR）被认为是一种能够有效去除污水处理厂中ARGs的技术工艺.MBR膜截留的废水中胶体、颗粒物、悬浮物及微生物代谢物中存在着大量的病原菌与抗性基因,而目前关于膜清洗后污泥中抗性基因的分布特征和规律尚不明确.本文采用宏基因组技术对MBR膜清洗后污泥中抗性基因进行了分析.结果显示,膜清洗后污泥中共检测出39门,其中优势菌门为Proteobacteria、Nitrospirae和Actinobacteria,优势菌属为Nitrospira、Pseudomonas和Bradyrhizobium.污泥样品含有的病原菌属占所有菌属的10.54%,其中Pseudomonas属相对丰度最高,占到所有菌属的3.94%.样品中共注释出17类ARGs和16类金属抗性基因（metal resistance genes,MRGs,15类单金属抗性基因和1类多重金属抗性基因）.其中,多药类抗生素抗性基因相对丰度最高,占49.08%.金属抗性基因中多重金属类抗性基因相对丰度最高,占该污泥样品的34.58%,单金属抗性基因中对铜的抗性基因数量最多,占19.99%.该膜清洗后污泥中微生物群落最主要的功能通路为代谢相关,并存在大量与人类疾病相关的代谢通路相关基因,其中涉及细菌耐药和细菌传染疾病的基因数量最多,分别为占人类疾病相关的代谢通路已注释序列的34.50%和16.62%.由此可见,膜清洗后污泥中蕴藏着丰富的ARGs、MRGs以及病原菌属,具有潜在的环境健康风险,需要加强对膜清洗后污泥中ARGs、MRGs以及病原菌的管控.本文为选择合适的技术工艺有效去除膜清洗后污泥中ARGs、MRGs以及病原菌提供指导.     

污水处理厂削减耐药菌与抗性基因的研究进展

长期滥用抗生素导致细菌耐药性增强,并使抗性广泛传播.污水处理厂既是耐药菌(antibiotic resistance bacteria,ARB)与抗性基因(antibiotic resistance gene,ARG)的储存库,排放的污水与污泥是向自然环境中传播抗性的重要污染源,也是削减ARB和ARG及控制抗性传播的重要环节.本文总结了天然水体中的耐药菌和抗性基因污染现状,分析了近年来耐药菌与抗性基因在污水/污泥处理过程中的转归与去除方面的研究进展,同时对将来的重点研究方向提出展望,以期为今后耐药菌和抗性基因的污染控制提供参考.     

污水处理厂二级出水中总异养菌群对6种抗生素的耐受性研究

以北京市2座污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,通过考察总异养菌群、抗性菌比例、浓度及抗生素对细菌的半抑制浓度,研究了二级出水中一般细菌对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢氨苄、氯霉素、四环素和利福平6种抗生素在不同浓度下的耐受性.结果表明,2座污水处理厂出水中青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢氨苄和氯霉素抗性菌比例较四环素和利福平高.当抗生素浓度为32mg.L-1时,污水处理厂G二级出水中头孢氨苄抗性菌比例最高为59%,而污水处理厂Q二级出水中氯霉素抗性菌比例最高为44%.头孢氨苄抗性菌在污水处理厂G、Q出水中的浓度分别高达4.0×103 CFU.mL-1和3.5×104 CFU.mL-1,而氯霉素抗性菌浓度分别高达4.9×102 CFU.mL-1和4.6×104 CFU.mL-1.污水处理厂G中异养菌对头孢氨苄的耐受能力最强,其半抑制浓度〉32 mg.L-1;污水处理厂Q中,异养菌对氯霉素的耐受能力最强,其半抑制浓度为23.1 mg.L-1.污水处理厂二级出水中部分抗生素抗性菌污染严重,且稳定存在于低浓度抗生素的处理出水.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

Algal uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen in wastewater treatment plants

The algal uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON) in the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic(A_2O)process was investigated in this study. Anaerobic, aerobic and effluent DON samples from two wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) were separated into hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions using a DAX-8 resin coupled with an anion exchange resin and a nanofiltration(NF)pretreatment. Hydrophilic DON accounted for 66.66%–88.74% of the entire DON for the two plants evaluated. After a 15-day incubation, 16.95%–91.75% DON was bioavailable for algal growth, and untreated samples exhibited higher DON bioavailability, with 52.83% DON average uptake rates, compared with the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions(45.53% and 44.40%, respectively) because the pretreatment caused the inorganic salt to be resistant to algae. Anaerobic untreated samples, hydrophilic fractions and hydrophobic fractions showed higher DON reduction rates and higher biomass accumulation compared with the other DON fractions due to the decomposition of resistant organics by anaerobic and anoxic bacteria.DON in aerobic and effluent samples of plant A was more bioavailable than that of plant B with usages of 27.49%–55.26% DON. DON bioavailability in the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process decreased in the following order: anaerobic effluent aerobic. The DON contents were reduced after anaerobic treatment in the two plants. The EEM-PARAFAC model identified three DON components, including two humic acid-like substances and one protein-like substance in plant A and two protein-like substances and one humic acid-like substance in plant B.     

污水处理系统中硝化菌的菌群结构和动态变化

研究分析了4种不同工艺类型的城市污水处理厂中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)的丰度及菌群结构.实时定量PCR结果表明4种工艺中AOB菌群的丰度范围为8.56×106~4.46×107cells/gMLSS;NOB菌群的丰度为3.37×108~1.53×109cells/gMLSS.每个工艺中Nitrospira都是优势NOB,占NOB菌群的88% 以上. A2O工艺冬季AOB和Nitrospira丰度比夏季均有所降低,这是导致冬季生物脱氮效果变差的主要原因.基于 amoA基因的系统发育分析结果显示所有的序列属于Nitrosomonas,其中Nitrosomonas oligotropha cluster 占克隆文库的60.1%,是AOB 种群中的优势菌属,Nitrosomonas-like cluster和 Nitrosomonas europaea cluster次之,分别占克隆文库的29.6%和9.1%.N. europaea cluster只在A2O工艺中出现,且在A2O工艺夏季污泥样品克隆文库中达到44.7%.低DO运行使N. europaea cluster成为优势AOB是A2O工艺夏季出现较高亚硝酸盐积累率的主要原因.研究结果证实了城市污水处理厂中优势AOB和NOB分别为Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira,硝化菌群占总菌群的1%~7%,其丰度、相对含量和菌群结构是影响硝化效果的主要因素.     

Simultaneous denitrification and denitrifying phosphorus removal in a full-scale anoxic–oxic process without internal recycle treating low strength wastewater

Performance of a full-scale anoxic-oxic activated sludge treatment plant(4.0×10~5 m~3/day for the first-stage project) was followed during a year.The plant performed well for the removal of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in the process of treating domestic wastewater within a temperature range of 10.8℃ to 30.5℃.Mass balance calculations indicated that COD utilization mainly occurred in the anoxic phase,accounting for 88.2% of total COD removal.Ammonia nitrogen removal occurred 13.71% in the anoxic zones and 78.77% in the aerobic zones.The contribution of anoxic zones to total nitrogen(TN) removal was 57.41%.Results indicated that nitrogen elimination in the oxic tanks was mainly contributed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND).The reduction of phosphorus mainly took place in the oxic zones,51.45% of the total removal.Denitrifying phosphorus removal was achieved biologically by 11.29%.Practical experience proved that adaptability to gradually changing temperature of the microbial populations was important to maintain the plant overall stability.Sudden changes in temperature did not cause paralysis of the system just lower removal efficiency,which could be explained by functional redundancy of microorganisms that may compensate the adverse effects of temperature changes to a certain degree.Anoxic-oxic process without internal recycling has great potential to treat low strength wastewater(i.e.,TN 35 mg/L) as well as reducing operation costs.     

干旱寒冷地区氧化沟工艺活性污泥的菌群结构研究

为了探讨新疆干旱寒冷地区城市污水厂活性污泥的菌群结构特征,采用高通量测序技术对北疆5座城市污水厂活性污泥进行菌群分析。结果表明:5座污水厂基本可以达到各自的设计出水标准,其中3座污水厂运行中出现了污泥丝状膨胀。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）是活性污泥的优势细菌门,相对丰度分别为30.65%~43.12%、21.15%~33.64%和5.02%~14.36%。放线菌门（Actinobacteria）在沉降性能良好的污泥中相对丰度为2.97%~6.17%,而在丝状膨胀污泥中相对丰度达到11.69%~15.64%。季节性膨胀污泥中微丝菌属（Microthrix）和黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）相对丰度呈现出季节性变化,常年膨胀的污泥中腐螺旋菌属（Saprospiraceae_norank）为优势细菌属,相对丰度达到17.48%~18.30%。子囊菌门（Ascomycota）是丝状污泥膨胀中的优势真菌门,相对丰度达到56.60%~72.68%。研究结果可对干旱寒冷地区污水厂运行调控提供理论支撑。     

无锡市污水处理厂抗生素抗性菌分布与去除特性研究

近年来,污水处理厂已成为环境中抗生素抗性菌的重要来源.本研究利用传统的异养菌培养法对无锡市6座污水处理厂进出水中的5种抗生素(氨苄霉素、红霉素、四环素、卡那霉素、环丙沙星)抗性菌进行调查与分析,并对比了在不同工艺和不同季节条件下抗性菌的去除效果.结果表明,5种抗性菌在污水处理厂进出水中均可检出,进水中抗性菌浓度为103~10~5CFU·m L~(-1),出水中抗性菌浓度为10~2~10~4CFU·m L~(-1),其中,氨苄霉素抗性菌最多,占总异养菌的比例超过50%.污水处理工艺没有选择性去除抗性菌的效果,出水中抗性菌占总异养菌的比例相对于进水有增加趋势.相比其它传统工艺(氧化沟、SBR等),MBR工艺对去除氨苄霉素、红霉素抗性菌表现出一定优势;夏季目标污水处理厂对抗性菌的去除量略多于冬季,且只有环丙沙星抗性菌的去除量表现出显著的季节性差异(p0.05).     

CH4 emission and conversion from A2O and SBR processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater treatment systems are important anthropogenic sources of CH4emission. A full-scale experiment was carried out to monitor the CH4 emission from anoxic/anaerobic/oxic process(A2O) and sequencing batch reactor(SBR) wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) for one year from May 2011 to April 2012. The main emission unit of the A2O process was an oxic tank, accounting for 76.2% of CH4emissions; the main emission unit of the SBR process was the feeding and aeration phase, accounting for 99.5% of CH4emissions. CH4can be produced in the anaerobic condition, such as in the primary settling tank and anaerobic tank of the A2O process. While CH4can be consumed in anoxic denitrification or the aeration condition, such as in the anoxic tank and oxic tank of the A2O process and the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4emission flux and the dissolved CH4concentration rapidly decreased in the oxic tank of the A2O process. These metrics increased during the first half of the phase and then decreased during the latter half of the phase in the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4oxidation rate ranged from 32.47% to 89.52%(mean: 67.96%) in the A2O process and from 12.65% to 88.31%(mean: 47.62%) in the SBR process. The mean CH4 emission factors were 0.182 g/ton of wastewater and 24.75 g CH4 /(person·year) for the A2O process, and 0.457 g/ton of wastewater and 36.55 g CH4 /(person·year) for the SBR process.     

直链烷基苯磺酸钠在厌氧-缺氧-好氧污水处理系统中的迁移转化规律

研究了城市污水处理系统对直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）的去除特性.在厌氧-缺氧-好氧条件下,进行了相应的序批式试验,确定了水相和泥相中LAS降解的动力学参数,建立了LAS在厌氧-缺氧-好氧状态下的去除动力学模型（考虑吸附作用）,并对模型预测的结果与实际测量值进行了比较.结果表明,在不同的泥龄下,LAS 在AAO系统中去除率达到99%,出水中只含微量的LAS（0～20　μg·L^-1）.厌氧池、缺氧池及好氧池LAS污泥吸附量分别为490～710、280～390、69～109　μg·g^-1.序批式动力学降解试验还表明,厌氧去除速率系数K_厌、缺氧的去除速率系数K_缺与好氧的去除速率常数的比值分别为0.67和0.71,说明在同一污泥系统的厌氧和缺氧条件下,LAS也能被较好的降解.模型得到的各池混合液出水中LAS的浓度模拟结果与实测结果符合较好(误差<8%).     

缺氧MBBR耦合部分厌氧氨氧化强化城市生活污水深度脱氮

缺氧MBBR是强化传统城市污水处理系统脱氮的一种方法,本研究通过向城市污水后置反硝化SBR中投加填料构建了缺氧双污泥系统,实现了城市生活污水部分厌氧氨氧化深度脱氮.在250d的运行中脱氮性能逐渐提高并实现稳定,出水总氮在5 mg·L~(-1)左右. 211～250 d的平均硝氮、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为(97. 7±2. 9)%、(93. 3±2. 9)%和(94. 3±2. 7)%.长期运行中观测到氨氮和硝氮的同步去除.针对氨氮去除途径进行分析,系统同化、硝化作用微弱.缺氧MBBR中存在厌氧氨氧化活性且对脱氮有不可忽视的作用.实时定量PCR结果进一步说明缺氧MBBR中厌氧氨氧化菌富集,特别是缺氧填料生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌丰度由初始的4. 37×10~7copies·g~(-1)增长到了2. 28×10~(10)copies·g~(-1).本研究表明缺氧填料生物膜在厌氧氨氧化的富集强化城市污水深度脱氮中或许具有可应用的潜能.     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器脱氮特性研究

根据传统好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化生物脱氮的工艺原理,设计并制作了一体化 A/O生物膜反应器,并就其对模拟生活污水的脱碳、脱氮处理效果进行了试验。结果表明,该一体化反应器在水力停留时间 HRT=24h时,COD的去除率达到 97%以上,硝化率和 TN的去除率分别达到92%和82%。出水NO3-N和NO2-N浓度保持在7.4mg/L和0.2mg/L左右。对各区污泥进行的硝化活性试验结果表明,该一体化反应器的缺氧区内存活有一定数量的具有硝化活性的细菌。     

HRT对A/O-BF处理低碳氮比农村生活污水脱氮的影响

通过四组平行小试装置,研究空床水力停留时间(HRT)对缺氧/好氧生物滤池(Anoxic/oxic biofilter,A/O-BF)去除低碳氮比(C/N)农村生活污水中氮的影响;结合高通量测序,研究了不同HRT条件下的脱氮效能和微生物群落变化特征,优选出最佳HRT.结果表明:①缺氧段HRT为6 h的条件下,好氧段HRT为9和10 h时,A/O-BF对NH₄+-N和TN的平均去除率均分别为99%和75%,显著高于HRT为7 h(分别为93%和66%)和8 h(分别为96%和70%)时的情况.②好氧段HRT为9 h的条件下,缺氧段HRT为6 h时,A/O-BF对TN的平均去除率为78%,明显高于HRT为4 h(59%)、稍高于HRT为5 h(74%)和7 h(75%)时的情况.③好氧段HRT为9 h时,其硝化菌属Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira的总丰度占11.42%,明显高于HRT为7 h(4.61%)、8 h(7.39%)和10 h(7.64%)时的情况.④缺氧段HRT为6 h时,其主要的反硝化菌属Denitratisoma占5.83%,明显高于HRT为4 h(0.81%)、5 h(2.90%)和7 h(3.27%)时的情况.研究显示,HRT影响A/O-BF的脱氮效能和微生物群落分布特征,处理低碳氮比(1.4~3.0)农村生活污水时,A/O-BF好氧段和缺氧段的最佳HRT分别为9和6 h.      

浅谈A/O生物脱氮工艺的设计计算

本文论述了A/O生物脱氮工艺的特点,讨论了A/O工艺的合理设计问题,并介绍了用于计算A/O生物脱氮效率、缺氧池、好氧池及需氧量的公式.     

氧四环素的微生物燃料电池处理及微生物群落

氧四环素(OTC)作为一种广谱性抗生素而被大量使用,其滥用不仅直接破坏生态系统,更容易引起微生物耐药性和抗性基因污染等问题.本研究利用微生物燃料电池(MFC)处理OTC,研究OTC在MFC不同运行时期的去除率变化情况,发现在运行150 d后,MFC对10 mg·L-1OTC的去除率在132 h达到99.0%.利用高通量测序技术分析并比较了原始接种猪粪与运行150 d后MFC阳极生物膜的微生物群落结构,发现厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)处于优势地位,但相比于原始接种猪粪,MFC生物膜上的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的丰度从2.84%提高至8.92%~22.75%,此外,真细菌属(Eubacterium)的比例从几乎为0.00%显著提高至20.49%~49.00%.根据现有研究报道,Eubacterium spp.对多种氧杂环芳香族化合物具有一定的生物降解能力,本研究表明Eubacterium spp.可能是一类具有较强OTC降解能力的功能微生物.     

Tetrasphaera聚磷菌研究进展及其除磷能力辨析

强化生物除磷（EBPR）工艺在污水脱氮除磷中扮演着重要角色，其机理研究与工程应用也较为成熟.长期以来，Accumulibacter菌属（A菌）作为EBPR工艺最主要的聚磷菌（PAOs）已被广泛接受.同时，具有聚磷能力的Tetrasphaera菌属（T菌）亦被发现，且在某些特定环境下其丰度甚至远高于A菌，进而引发业内一定的关注.本文通过对T菌发现、研究过程的梳理，总结了关于T菌丰度、代谢途径及影响其活性的因素等方面的研究成果.与A菌不同，T菌代谢途径具有多样性，可依赖发酵代谢进行细胞维持和增殖，其发酵产物甚至可以供给A菌利用.T菌可利用大分子有机物（如葡萄糖、氨基酸等）和VFAs（亲和性较低）进行厌氧释磷，继而完成好氧、甚至缺氧吸磷过程.T菌主要菌株（T.elongata）因缺少合成PHA相关酶基因而不能以PHA作为内聚产物在厌氧环境下储能；糖原和游离氨基酸被检测到可作为T菌的能源/碳源内聚物，但亦有结果相左的研究.借助于拉曼光谱技术，一些污水处理厂中T菌与A菌被证实对磷去除的贡献大小相当.总之，目前对T菌的研究还十分有限，现有研究仍不足以证明它们在EBPR中可稳定发挥除磷贡献.今后应在T菌不同代谢途径控制因素及所需环境条件方面进行深入研究，以确认T菌可否持续、稳定地实现除磷作用.