电芬顿法处理重金属络合物Ni-EDTA的研究

本文首先研究了电絮凝与电芬顿对Ni-EDTA去除效率对比,结果发现电絮凝对Ni-EDTA去除效率较低.通过电化学阳极溶解产生Fe2+,外加H2O2反应的阳极电芬顿过程可有效去除Ni-EDTA.详细考察Ni-EDTA初始浓度、电流密度、p H值及H2O2投加量对Ni-EDTA去除率的影响.结果表明,电芬顿方法处理Ni-EDTA络合物其初始浓度越低,去除效果越好.反应最佳p H值为3.5,H2O2投加量在一定条件下存在最优值,而络合物的去除率随着电流密度的增加而提高.对Ni-EDTA去除过程进行了分析.     

铁阳极电凝聚处理活性黑KN-B染料废水动力学分析

采用铁为阳极的原位电凝聚方法处理活性黑KN-B染料废水。以活性黑KN-B在特征吸收波长600nm和255nm的吸光度变化为分析指标,考察了电流密度、染料溶液初始pH值、电介质浓度及种类、温度、染料浓度等影响因素对染料废水脱色过程及脱色速率常数的影响。同时根据化学反应动力学理论对其脱色的动力学过程及脱色机理进行了初步探讨与分析。实验结果表明:染料溶液的脱色反应符合一级反应动力学过程;电流密度、染料浓度、染料溶液初始pH值及电解质的种类及浓度对一级反应速率常数影响显著,而染料溶液温度对一级反应速率常数的影响较小;染料废水的脱色过程是电凝聚和染料还原共同作用的过程。     

O3/UV降解含氮杂环化合物喹啉

本研究采用O3/UV工艺降解喹啉溶液,系统地探讨了喹啉初始浓度、反应后置时间、初始p H、HCO-3浓度等因素对降解过程的影响.通过测定降解过程中的中间产物,分析了喹啉的降解机制及途径.结果表明随着喹啉初始浓度增加,反应表观速率常数和去除率都降低;p H(7~9)碱性条件时降解效果最好;HCO-3的存在明显降低了喹啉的去除率,加入100 mg·L-1HCO-3喹啉去除率降低了42.01%;反应后置时间对喹啉的去除率及矿化率基本没有影响.喹啉的降解中间产物主要为8-羟基喹啉、5-羟基喹啉、2(1H)-喹啉酮、2-吡啶甲醛等,喹啉在O3/UV体系中的降解途径主要由羟基自由基(·OH)、O3氧化剂发生的加成反应、取代反应、亲电反应等.     

电絮凝法处理含磷废水的试验研究

采用铁、铝极板电絮凝法处理实验室模拟含磷废水,探究了通电电压、极板间距、通电时间及初始p H等主要参数对除磷效果的影响。结果表明:通电电压、极板间距、通电时间及初始p H均能影响除磷效果,铝、铁电极对磷的去除率最高可以达到96.8%、99.5%。在试验条件下,得到以铝板为极板去除废水中磷的最优操作条件为:极板间距2.5cm,通电电压为25V,通电时间25min左右,初始溶液p H为7.0。并且根据反应动力学试验证明了铁、铝极板电絮凝除磷反应均为一级反应,其反应速率常数分别k=0.015506,k=0.02309。     

Fe-PTFE-nano-PbO_2/Ti电极电催化氧化对硝基酚废水研究

研究了模拟废水对硝基酚(p-NP)的电化学降解情况,实验中以Fe-PTFE-nano-PbO2/Ti为阳极,石墨为阴极,讨论了电流密度、p-NP初始浓度、电解质(Na2SO4)浓度、溶液初始pH这些因素对p-NP降解的影响。实验表明,电流密度越大,生成的·OH更多,去除效果越好;p-NP初始浓度越小,电解速度高于扩散速度,反应速率越快,浓度越高,产生的更难降解的与p-NP竞争有机物中间产物越多,反应速率越低;Na2SO4浓度越大,SO42-产生的中间产物因具有氧化作用,在一定浓度范围内促进有机物的降解;溶液pH越小,析氧电位越低,越不容易发生析氧副反应,提高降解效率,有利于有机物降解。实验中电流密度20 mA/cm2,p-NP起始浓度100 mg/L,Na2SO4浓度0.02 mg/L,pH为5.1时条件最优,有机物降解效果较好,120 min时p-NP去除率99.23%,COD去除率77.38%,矿化率较高。     

MnO2/CFP复合电极的制备及电吸附Pb2+特性的研究

电极材料的形貌结构与电化学性能等将直接影响着电吸附效果.本研究将二氧化锰(Mn O2)通过电沉积的方法负载于碳纤维纸(CFP)材料上,制备获得了Mn O2/CFP复合电极.所制得的Mn O2/CFP复合电极电化学性质稳定、电容量高,复合电极的单位质量比电容量可高达360 F·g-1.用此电极对初始浓度为6 mg·L-1左右的Pb2+溶液进行电吸附,考察了电沉积时间、电压、p H值等因素对复合电极电吸附效果的影响.结果表明,沉积时间为500 s、电压值为1.0 V、p H值为5.0的条件下可获得最佳的电吸附效果,电吸附3 h后原溶液中残留Pb2+达到0.01 mg·L-1以下,去除效率高达99%以上.本研究为水中重金属离子的去除提供了新的技术选择.     

嗜冷型产碳酸酐酶菌对碳酸钙沉积的影响

为探究四川黄龙钙华地貌高寒水体中低温微生物对碳酸钙沉积的影响,该试验自黄龙钙华水体中分离到2株具有高产碳酸酐酶(CA)活力的嗜冷型菌株,在不同的初始p H值和不同的低温沉积温度下,通过测定沉积体系pH值和电导率的变化来研究菌株对碳酸钙沉积过程的影响,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对生成的碳酸钙晶体进行晶型晶貌分析。结果表明:供试菌株在不同条件下都能促进碳酸钙沉积,形成的晶体均为方解石型,但其形貌却不尽相同。尤其在初始p H值8.0,10℃低温下对碳酸钙沉积的影响最为显著。研究结果表明供试嗜冷型碳酸酐酶产生菌株能在一定程度上调控碳酸钙的沉积速率与晶体形貌结构,其结果可为探究低温下黄龙钙华的生物沉积机制提供一定的理论基础。     

Ce修饰Ti/PbO2阳极电催化氧化降解苯酚的研究

采用电沉积法制备Ce修饰Ti/PbO2电极,通过动态极化法、循环伏安法、快速电极寿命法对电极性能进行了研究,表明该电极具有较高的析氧电位(2.11 V)和良好的电催化活性,预测电极使用寿命为2.3年.以苯酚为目标降解物,探讨了电极电催化性能,并考察苯酚初始浓度、电流密度、阳极材料、溶液温度、搅拌速度对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明最佳工艺参数为:电流密度为0.06 A·cm-2,pH=6.7,电极间距为2 cm,温度20℃,搅拌速度180 r·min-1,采用0.5 mol·L-1的Na2SO4溶液作为支持电解质,5 h后苯酚去除率达到95.5%.     

铜改性MIL-101吸附溶液中碘离子研究

目的提升MIL-101对溶液中放射性碘离子的吸附性能。方法开展铜掺杂改性MIL-101研究。利用SEM,XRD和比表面与孔径分析仪等表征方法对改性前后的材料进行物理性能分析,并考察不同Cu掺杂量、吸附时间和初始碘离子浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果铜改性后吸附率明显增加,掺杂20%的铜时,材料的比表面积最大,吸附效果最佳;吸附速率随时间增大而降低,而吸附率随初始浓度减小而增大。结论铜改性后的MIL-101对溶液中碘离子有更好的吸附效果,其吸附速率和吸附量都有明显的优势。     

城郊小河流沉积物吸附Pb2+的动力学过程

采用分批试验法,对城郊小河流沉积物吸附Pb2+过程进行了研究,探讨了Pb2+吸附的动力学过程和机制.结果表明,随着溶液中沉积物质量增大,达到吸附平衡所需时间变短,单位沉积物吸附量和达到吸附平衡后溶液中Pb2+浓度变低;沉积物含量>0.6 g.L-1时对溶液中Pb2+的去除率超过95%;Pb2+在沉积物上吸附的动力学过程符合假二级动力学模型,该模型拟合的平衡吸附量也更接近真实值;Pb2+初始吸附速率与初始溶液中沉积物质量无明显的相关性;随溶液中沉积物浓度的增加,吸附速率常数逐渐增大,化学吸附所起的作用也越显著;较高浓度沉积物吸附Pb2+的动力学机制能较好符合Elovich方程,但较低浓度沉积物时则相对较差;从吸附速率来看,溶液中沉积物质量较高时,内扩散是整个吸附过程速率的控制步骤,沉积物含量较低时,吸附速率存在多级线性过程,初始阶段非均相扩散是主要控制步骤,但随着时间的延长,其吸附过程转变为沉积物内部的扩散过程.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.