废旧阴极-赤泥协同处理烧结熟料的溶出性能

采用XRF,ICP-MS,XRD及SEM-EDS检测手段,研究了废旧阴极-赤泥高温协同处理所得熟料的溶出性能.结果表明,Na₂CO₃浓度,温度,时间及液固比因素对Al₂O₃,Na₂O溶出率TFe₂O₃的富集效果的影响趋势一致.最适宜溶出条件为：Na₂CO₃ 30g/L,温度50℃,时间30min,液固比8.该条件下,熟料中Al₂O₃和Na₂O溶出率分别高达为87.41%和92.51%;相应的SiO₂和CaO溶出率仅为3.02%和0.36%,铁矿物几乎不溶.溶出渣中的TFe₂O₃含量从熟料中23.64%提高到39.89%,研究表明溶出工艺同步实现了熟料中铝、钠的回收和铁的富集.再者,处理后溶出渣较熟料减量近16%（以铝和钠溶出率测算）,且属于非危险性废物.     

钠盐量影响下DD6单晶高温合金的高温热腐蚀规律研究

目的 开展镍基单晶高温合金DD6在950 ℃下的热盐腐蚀试验(95%Na2SO4+5%NaCl)，探明涂盐量和涂盐方式(周期涂盐和单次涂盐)对DD6高温热腐蚀的影响规律和机理。方法 结合扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量色散谱、X射线衍射等设备，对不同涂盐量及涂盐方式下DD6的表面及横截面形貌进行观察分析，分析不同涂盐量和涂盐方式下DD6的高温热腐蚀机理。结果 DD6在950 ℃下主要发生碱性熔融热腐蚀，同时伴随氧化、硫化和氯化等过程。高温热腐蚀使得DD6合金表面生成的保护性氧化膜被熔融态的腐蚀介质破坏，导致O、S、Cl等外部元素通过氧化膜的缺陷进入DD6基体中，在合金的亚表面发生内氧化、内硫化以及内氯化反应，横截面上出现明显的腐蚀层，其主要由氧化物以及硫化物组成。随着热腐蚀的进行，DD6表面物质发生了剥蚀，沉积盐量的增加导致剥蚀现象越加严重，合金内部致密的组织结构也被破坏，横截面上出现了大量孔洞、裂纹等缺陷。在相同涂盐量下，周期涂盐法使得DD6的腐蚀程度高于单次涂盐法。结论 DD6高温热腐蚀行为与涂盐量及涂盐方式密切相关，相同涂盐方式下，涂盐量越大，DD6热腐蚀更加严重。涂盐量一定时，周期涂盐法使得DD6的热腐蚀剧烈程度大于单次涂盐法，且DD6在上述热腐蚀条件下均发生剥蚀破坏。     

γ-Al2O3基COS水解催化剂在含HCl气氛的失活机理

随着钢铁行业超低排放的推进,实施高炉煤气脱硫迫在眉睫。高炉煤气中含硫组分主要为羰基硫(COS),常采用γ-Al₂O₃基催化剂将COS催化水解为H₂S再进一步脱除,但是煤气中的HCl组分容易导致催化剂失活。采用浸渍法在γ-Al₂O₃上负载碱金属Na、K制备铝基水解催化剂,在固定床-气相色谱联用装置上,考察水解催化剂在含HCl气氛的失活机理。在120℃、150000 h^-1空速条件下测试COS的水解效率。结果表明：Na/Al₂O₃和K/Al₂O₃催化剂的活性及抗氯性能均高于γ-Al₂O₃,且Na/Al₂O₃的抗氯性高于K/Al₂O₃。活性组分Na、K增加了催化剂的碱性中心,促进了COS水解反应,提高了催化剂活性;Na、K优先与HCl反应生成金属...     

氢氧化镧掺杂氧化铝去除水体磷酸盐性能研究

为有效去除水体中的磷酸盐,采用沉淀沉积方法合成了氢氧化镧〔La(OH)₃〕掺杂氧化铝(Al₂O₃)的吸附材料La(OH)₃(X)/Al₂O₃〔X表示吸附剂中的La(OH)₃质量含量〕,并对其吸附磷酸盐的性能进行研究. 结果表明:①Al₂O₃和La(OH)₃是吸附剂中磷酸盐的主要结合位点. ②磷酸盐初始浓度为50 mg/L时,La(OH)₃(19)/Al₂O₃吸附剂在初始阶段吸附较快,且在200 min左右达到吸附平衡. La(OH)₃(X)/Al₂O₃吸附剂对磷酸盐的吸附量随着La(OH)₃负载量的提高而升高,其吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型拟合. La(OH)₃(7)/Al₂O₃、La(OH)₃(13)/Al₂O₃、La(OH)₃(19)/Al₂O₃和La(OH)₃(27)/Al₂O₃对磷酸盐的最大吸附量可分别达到25.32、27.40、43.10和53.76 mg/g (以P计). 这表明La(OH)₃掺杂Al₂O₃后为磷酸盐提供更多的活性位点,有效提高了磷酸盐的吸附容量. ③La(OH)₃(19)/Al₂O₃对磷酸盐的吸附量随pH的升高而降低,共存阴离子影响试验表明,La(OH)₃(19)/Al₂O₃对磷酸盐具有较高的吸附选择性. ④经过5次吸附-脱附循环后,La(OH)₃(19)/Al₂O₃表现出稳定的吸附和再生性能,对实际水体磷酸盐的去除试验结果表明其可用于实际水体中磷酸盐的去除. 研究显示,La(OH)₃(19)/Al₂O₃的磷酸盐吸附速率快、吸附容量高、吸附选择性高,具有潜在的应用价值.      

超声协同非均相类Fenton反应氧化去除苯酚

用CuO-Ce/Al₂O₃为催化剂超声协同非均相类Fenton催化氧化去除苯酚,考察了H₂O₂浓度,催化剂用量,pH值,超声功率,不同工艺条件对苯酚去除率的影响,及催化剂使用过程中铜的溶出情况.通过XPS（X射线光电子能谱）、SEM（扫描电镜）、BET（Brunauer-Emmett-Teller）表征了催化剂使用过程有无超声的表面状态变化.结果表明,在pH值6.0,H₂O₂浓度1650mg/L,催化剂用量3.5g/L,功率500W的条件下,苯酚模拟废水去除率为99.65%,不同工艺去除苯酚的能力顺序为US/H₂O₂/CuO-Ce/Al₂O₃,H₂O₂/CuO-Ce/Al₂O₃,US/CuO-Ce/Al₂O₃,US/H₂O₂,US.催化剂比表面积、孔径孔容、活性组分表面含量是影响催化剂活性性能的重要原因,超声作用能够加速活性组分的溶出,但同时延缓比表面积、碳沉积、孔体积的恶化过程.     

过渡金属改性的Cr-Ce-O催化剂氧化氯苯性能

以氯苯为含氯挥发性有机污染物探针物,以稀土基CeO₂为基底活性氧化物,采用柠檬酸络合法制备Cr-Ce-O催化剂,考察Cr/Ce物质的量比、过渡金属氧化物掺杂及掺杂量、载体和焙烧温度对Cr-Ce-O催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的影响;采用XRD、BET、SEM、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征技术分析催化剂的基本特性.研究表明,Cr₂O₃和CeO₂间形成了CrCeO_x固溶体,掺杂有ZrO₂的Cr₂O₃-CeO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂其比表面积得到显著提升,且载体对催化剂活性组分形态结构产生重要影响,其中以焙烧温度为400℃,堇青石为载体的催化剂氧化活性较优.研究发现,ZrO₂掺杂量亦对催化剂氧化活性产生显著性影响,当Zr/Cr物质的量比为1：2时,Cr₂O₃-CeO₂-ZrO₂/堇青石催化剂表现最佳,催化氧化氯苯转化率可达92.7%（反应温度为350℃）,这主要是由于ZrO₂掺入促进了CeO₂和Ce₂O₃,Cr₂O₃和ZrO₂间的相互作用,氧空位增加促使表面活性氧（O_sur）增多.     

深圳市土壤重金属背景含量垂向分布与理化特征

为摸清深圳市6种常规重金属(Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni)在不同剖面层次的背景含量及垂向分布规律,探究土壤剖面重金属背景含量与理化参数的关系,在全市基本生态控制线区域布设土壤典型剖面样点50个,每个点位按A、B、C3层采集土壤样品共150个。结果表明,土壤剖面不同采样层次重金属背景含量存在显著差异,随着深度增加,Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的背景含量呈现逐渐增加的规律,Cd和Hg的背景含量呈现先减少后增加的趋势。深圳市土壤剖面中6种重金属的背景含量相对较低,整体上略低于“七五”全国土壤环境背景值。土壤剖面理化参数存在典型的南方土壤特性,土壤pH值呈酸性,随着深度增加,土壤容重、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃含量逐渐增加,而有机质、CaO含量呈逐渐下降趋势,离子交换量呈先增加后减少趋势;土壤机械组成特征为砂粒最多、粉粒次之、粘粒最少。将土壤剖面重金属背景含量与理化参数进行相关性分析,发现Fe₂O₃、Al₂O₃和土壤机械组成与土壤重金属背景含量相关性最为显著。逐步多元线性回归分析表明,影响土壤重金属背景含量的理化参数依次为Fe₂O₃、Al₂O₃、机械组成和阳离子交换量。     

氧化物载体对Ni-V催化剂催化燃烧二氯甲烷的影响

以Al₂O₃,TiO₂,ZrO₂ 3种氧化物为载体,通过溶胶凝胶法制备以Ni-V双金属氧化物为活性组分催化剂,在固定床反应器上研究了催化剂的二氯甲烷（DCM）催化燃烧性能.并通过XRD、BET、FTIR-Pyridine和H₂-TPR表征分析催化剂的物理化学特性,结果表明催化剂的氧化还原性能与酸性存在一定的协同能力促进DCM的催化氧化.10% Ni-V/Al₂O₃和10% Ni-V/TiO₂催化剂表面大量的酸性位点和强氧化性使得催化剂在催化燃烧DCM时拥有较好的活性,其中10% Ni-V/Al₂O₃在252℃时就有90%的转化率,但其在低温时易产生含氯有机副产物的CH₃Cl,并且50h连续稳定性测试发现其有失活现象.而10% Ni-V/TiO₂催化剂达到90%转化率时温度为274℃,且其在DCM降解中并没有CH₃Cl的产生,稳定性测试中也没有失活现象发生,这可能是与其拥有更多中强度B酸以及较强氧化还原能力有关.     

附载型复合光催化剂TiO2.Al2O3/beads降解有机磷农药

研究以四异丙醇钛［Ti(iso-OC₃H₇)4］、异丙醇铝为原料,以空心玻璃微球为载体,用溶胶-凝胶法制备可漂浮附载型复合光催化剂TiO₂.Al₂O₃/beads的过程。用该光催化剂降解有机磷农药,并与光催化剂DegussaP-25TiO2光活性进行比较。结果表明,附载型复合光催化剂活性显著提高,最高光活性为同样降解条件下,同样含量DegussaP-25TiO₂光活性的1.4倍,且TiO₂.Al₂O₃组分摩尔比存在最佳值。同时还研究了TiO₂.Al₂O₃/beads对有机磷农药的吸附性,并用XRD和TEM对附载型复合光催化剂进行表征。      

γ-Al2O3酸性修饰稀土尾矿NH3-SCR脱硝性能

为增加脱硝催化剂的酸性位点和比表面积,以稀土尾矿为活性主体,通过物理球磨方式添加γ-Al₂O₃,制得NH₃-SCR催化剂,脱硝温度为100~400℃.结果表明：原尾矿脱硝活性为7.6%,γ-Al₂O₃的脱硝活性为9.4%,稀土尾矿添加50%γ-Al₂O₃脱硝活性达到了64.8%,即添50%γ-Al₂O₃后加极大程度地提高了尾矿的脱硝活性.XRD实验结果表明：Al₂O₃不会与尾矿成分发生反应生成新的物质.SEM实验结果表明：当添加γ-Al₂O₃低于50%时,γ-Al₂O₃均匀分散在尾矿表面,当添加65%γ-Al₂O₃和80%γ-Al₂O₃时,γ-Al₂O₃发生团聚,分散性较差.NH₃-TPD实验结果表明：添加γ-Al₂O₃为脱硝催化剂增加酸性位点,但是当添加γ-Al₂O₃过低时（15%、35%）,吸附NH₃量不足,催化反应进行不完全.BET实验结果表面：添加γ-Al₂O₃可以增加尾矿的比表面积.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.