改性木薯秸秆对磷酸根的吸附性能研究

研究以环氧氯丙烷、乙二胺、三乙胺对木薯秸秆化学改性制备的吸附剂对磷酸根的去除效果,考察了吸附剂投加量、溶液初始pH值、浓度、接触时间等对磷酸根吸附效果的影响。结果表明,改性木薯秸秆可以有效吸附磷酸根。改性木薯秸秆的投加量为4 g/L时,对磷酸根的去除率达到95%;吸附效果受溶液初始pH影响较大,去除率随pH的增大而不断增大,当pH为3.0~8.0范围时,改性木薯秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果较好,去除率均为95%左右;改性木薯秸秆对磷酸根的吸附均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和Freundlich等温吸附方程,最大吸附量为2.58 mmol/g;改性木薯秸秆对磷酸根的吸附为快速吸附,30 min即可达到吸附平衡。二级动力学方程可以很好地反映该吸附过程,且平衡吸附量Qe的实验值与拟合值非常接近。颗粒内扩散是控制吸附速度的因素之一。     

水稻秸秆阴离子吸附剂的制备及其性能的研究

为了合理利用我国过剩的水稻秸秆,同时解决水体富营养化问题,将水稻秸秆通过化学修饰合成得到阴离子吸附剂,探究其对磷的去除效果.通过测定带电情况、比表面积、扫描电镜、红外光谱,分析该阴离子吸附剂的性能;同时考察了吸附剂投加量、磷酸根溶液初始pH值、温度等因素对吸附效果的影响,并分析了修饰后的水稻秸秆对磷酸根的吸附机理.结果表明:吸附剂投加量为5g/L,pH值为4~10时,对磷酸根的吸附效果最好,去除率达90%以上,而温度对吸附效果影响不大;Langmuir模型适用于修饰后的水稻秸秆对磷酸根的吸附,最大的吸附量达1.96mmol/g.     

改性麦糟吸附水中酸性湖蓝A和碱性湖蓝BB实验研究

采用AlCl_3改性麦糟和Na OH改性麦糟分别处理酸性湖蓝A和碱性湖蓝BB,研究了不同pH、吸附剂投加量、时间和温度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:改性麦糟对酸性湖蓝A吸附反应的最佳条件在室温下,初始染料色度为500倍,溶液pH为3,吸附剂投加量5 g/L,反应时间30 min,脱色率达93%;改性麦糟对碱性湖蓝BB吸附反应的最佳条件在室温下,初始染料色度为500倍,溶液pH为9,吸附剂投加量3 g/L,反应时间30 min,脱色率达99%。且吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,其相关系数均在0.999以上。实验处理后废水色度在50倍以下,水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

改性木屑对水中刚果红的吸附性能研究

对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性木屑用于水中刚果红(CR)的去除进行了研究.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)对木屑和改性木屑的性能进行表征.探讨了反应时间、pH、温度、剂量以及离子强度对改性木屑去除CR的影响.实验结果表明,CTAB改性后的木屑对刚果红的吸附量明显增大,改性前后木屑的最大吸附量分别为30.30和111.36 mg·g-1.反应过程在前20 min内反应速率很快,并约在120 min内达到吸附平衡.吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学模型.最佳反应温度为328 K,吸附剂最适投加量为0.09 g,吸附量的大小与溶液的初始pH值有关,且增加盐浓度,改性木屑的吸附能力增加.吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,且吸附过程为吸热反应.     

改性玉米秸秆对水溶液中硝酸根的吸附动力学研究

为了将玉米秸秆资源化,成为一种能够有效去除水及废水中硝酸根的吸附剂,将玉米秸秆进行化学改性制备了阴离子交换剂.重点研究了改性玉米秸秆对硝酸根的吸附热力学及动力学特性.结果表明,改性玉米秸秆对硝酸根的吸附均符合Langmuir等温模式和Freundlich等温模式.在20℃和40℃条件下的最大吸附量分别为80.8407 mg·g-1和72.7273 mg·g-1.吸附过程放热,降低温度有利于吸附的进行.改性玉米秸秆对硝酸根的吸附为快速吸附过程,30min内即可达到吸附平衡.改性玉米秸秆对不同初始浓度硝酸根的吸附过程均为一级反应,吸附过程受液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散同时控制.研究结果表明,改性玉米秸秆是一种良好的硝酸根吸附剂.     

改性玉米秸秆对水中磷酸根的吸附动力学研究

将化学改性后的玉米秸秆制备阴离子交换剂,重点研究了改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学特性.通过静态实验,考察了在不同pH、温度、磷酸根初始浓度条件下,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根吸附效果的影响,并分别用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合,计算出相应的速率常数.结果表明,Langmuir等温模式能更好地描述改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果,并且随着温度的升高,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的最大吸附量逐渐减小.改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附是一个快速吸附过程,30 min内即可达到吸附平衡,该吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程,吸附速率主要受颗粒内扩散控制.随着初始浓度的增大,伪二级吸附速率常数逐渐减小,颗粒内扩散速率常数逐渐增大.通过改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学研究,可以为反应器的设计和污水处理装置的运行提供基础信息,对于去除水溶液中磷酸根的技术应用具有重要实际意义.     

微波酸活化粉煤灰吸附酸性大红染料废水实验研究

以微波酸活化改性后的粉煤灰为吸附剂,对酸性大红染料废水进行吸附脱色处理,考察了吸附时间、pH值、吸附剂投加量等对吸附脱色效果的影响。在酸性大红染料溶液初始浓度为100 mg/L、pH=5、活化粉煤灰投加量为10 g/L吸附1 h时,活化粉煤灰对酸性大红的脱色效果较好,去除率可达96%。对实验数据进行相关数学模型拟合,结果表明微波酸活化改性后的粉煤灰吸附去除酸性大红的等温吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附等温式,改性前后的吸附过程动力学符合准二级吸附动力学模型,线性相关系数良好。     

碱改性净水污泥对水中氨氮的吸附效能研究

采用氢氧化钠浸渍法改性净水污泥,研究了碱改性净水污泥对水中NH+4的去除性能.同时,考察了模拟废水pH、吸附剂投加量、NH+4初始浓度、吸附温度及吸附时间对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当pH为弱酸性或中性,投加碱改性净水污泥20 g·L-1时,在室温下对初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的NH+4模拟废水振荡吸附120 min,可达到氨氮排放二级标准.将实验数据分别用吸附等温模型和动力学模型进行拟合,发现净水污泥对NH+4的吸附符合Langmuir模型和二级动力学模型,且净水污泥对氨氮的吸附包括静电吸引和离子交换两种作用机理.     

改性石墨烯对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性石墨烯用于水中亚甲基蓝(MB)的去除进行了研究.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)和热重分析仪(TGA)对石墨烯和改性石墨烯性能进行表征.探讨了反应时间、pH、温度、剂量对石墨烯和改性石墨烯去除MB的影响.结果表明,在石墨烯制备过程中添加CTAB可以明显增大比表面积,提高MB的去除率.反应过程在前15 min内反应速率很快,并约在120 min内达到吸附平衡.吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学模型.最佳反应温度为293 K,吸附剂投加量的最适浓度为2 g·L-1,且吸附量的大小与溶液的初始pH值无关.通过Langmuir等温吸附方程得到改性石墨烯的最大吸附量86.43 mg·g-1,且为放热反应.     

改性松果粉对罗丹明B染料废水的吸附性能研究

将天然松果粉分别用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、硫酸、氢氧化钠进行改性,以改性松果粉为吸附剂,探究了不同pH、投加量、吸附时间对罗丹明B吸附性能的影响.实验结果表明,经硫酸改性的松果粉对罗丹明B染料废水的最佳吸附条件为:硫酸质量浓度为2 mol·L-1,pH为6,罗丹明B初始质量浓度50 mg·L-1,吸附剂投加量4 g·L-1,吸附时间150 min,此条件下脱色率达到97.72%,吸附量达到12.22 mg·g-1.吸附动力学研究表明,此吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,属于化学吸附.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.