城市交通干道区颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析研究

通过比值法、因子分析法和多元逐步回归模型对南京市交通干道区颗粒物中的多环芳烃的源解析进行研究。结果表明南京市交通干道区颗粒物中多环芳烃的主要污染源是燃煤源、汽油燃烧排放源和柴油燃烧排放源 ,它们对多环芳烃的贡献率分别为 45 .2 %、34 .0 %和 2 0 .7%     

多环芳烃在不同的颗粒物上的分解速度差别甚大

多环芳烃主要来源于煤的燃烧和炼焦、沥青的溶化、重油燃烧、石油化工产品的生产和汽车尾气的排放等。多环芳烃进入大气中后就会被颗粒物所吸附。颗粒物中的多环芳烃,经测定含有一定数量的多环芳烃致癌物,它可以诱发皮肤癌和肺癌。多环芳烃化合物并非直接的致癌物,必需经过细胞微粒体内的多功能氧化酶活化后才具有致癌性。多环芳烃类的化学结构与致癌活性有密切的关系,其中苯并芘     

焦化厂多环芳烃成分谱特征的研究

在焦炉顶端采集颗粒物样品,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了其中13种多环芳烃的含 量.通过与燃煤烟尘和交通隧道中BaP含量的比较,说明焦化作业是造成多环芳烃污染的重要 污染源之一.将分析结果进行归一化处理后,确定了焦化厂多环芳烃成分谱,这一成分谱在轮 廓特征和特征比值方面都表现出与燃煤型污染的相似性,而与交通型污染差别较大.     

三种农作物秸秆燃烧颗粒态多环芳烃排放特征

收集3种农作物秸秆玉米,水稻和小麦露天燃烧排放的颗粒物样品,并利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对样品中的34种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析,研究颗粒态PAHs的排放因子及可用于源解析的诊断参数.结果表明,3种秸秆燃烧总PAHs的排放因子为644.18~1798.13μg/kg;其中4环PAHs在秸秆燃烧样品中含量最高,约占38.8%~58.8%,6环PAHs所占比例相对较小,约占5.72%~15.17%.PAHs中部分单体具有相对较强致癌性,对环境和人体健康的影响不可忽视.首次检测分子量为300的高分子多环芳烃二苯并[a,e]荧蒽.在玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆燃烧排放颗粒物中的排放因子分别为6.70,2.77和2.92μg/kg.此外,研究发现BaP/BghiP, Phe/Phe+Ant和Flu/(Flu + Pyr)比值可以作为较好的区分秸秆燃烧与其他来源的诊断参数.     

松花江水体中多环芳烃污染源解析因子分析研究

在水体环境中应用污染物源解析模型,从源头上实现对污染物的控制对于遏制水质恶化具有重要意义。该文通过对松花江丰水期18个监测断面和平水期16个监测断的16种EPA优先控制的多环芳烃作为目标污染物,应用因子分析法识别水体中多环芳烃的主要来源,结果显示:松花江流域水体有4个主要的多环芳烃污染源,分别为煤及石油的燃烧源、交通污染源、石油污染物和炼焦污染源。丰水期与平水期多环芳烃污染来源基本一致。根据沿江主要工业分布得出:二松吉林段主要来源于吉林石化等大型石化企业和热电厂的石油燃烧和煤燃烧;二松松原段主要来源于当地的油井石油源和热电厂的燃煤;干流哈尔滨段主要来源于当地热电厂的燃烧和石油燃烧;干流佳木斯段主要源于佳木斯市的焦化厂、热电厂的石油源及煤烧。研究结果可为我国松花江流域水环境中多环芳烃的控制和治理提供参考和科学依据。     

北京地区大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃分布特征

采集北京城乡结合区和郊区冬季12个大气可吸入颗粒物不同粒径样品,用色谱-质谱技术分析鉴定了75种多环芳烃化合物,并对各粒径中美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃做了定量分析,研究其在不同粒径的分布规律。结果表明:城乡结合区大气颗粒物中优控多环芳烃总量明显高于郊区;郊区和城乡结合区大气分别有68%和85%的优控多环芳烃吸附在粒径小于2 0μm颗粒物上;可吸入颗粒物中都相对富集高环数的多环芳烃;2个地区主要污染源可能为化石燃料的燃烧排放,燃煤的影响相对较大。      

应用稳定碳同位素组成特征研究环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的来源

采集了乌鲁木齐市与郑州市非采暖季的环境空气颗粒物 ,用二氯甲烷做溶剂提取、硅胶柱层分离出多环芳烃样品 .用气相色谱 /燃烧系统 /同位素质谱测定了多环芳烃单化合物的稳定碳同位素组成 .结果表明 :这 2个城市的TSP与PM10 中多环芳烃单化合物稳定碳同位素组成相比较没有明显的区别 ;两城市的颗粒物样品中 ,分子量较小菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘和苯并 (e)芘的稳定碳同位素组成没有明显的区别 ,平均值范围为 - 2 3 4‰～ - 2 4 8‰ ,分子量较大的多环芳烃的δ13 C出现了明显差异 ,乌鲁木齐市环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃单化合物的δ13 C随着其分子量的增大比郑州市更贫13 C ,乌鲁木齐市的环境空气颗粒物中的苯并 (a)芘、茚并 (1,2 ,3 cd)芘、苯并 (ghi)的δ13 C值分别为 - 2 8 3‰、- 31 8‰和 - 30 2‰ ,郑州市为 - 2 4 4‰、- 2 9 4‰和 - 2 6 3‰ .结合对两城市燃煤量和机动车拥有量的对比分析 ,本研究认为 :在非采暖季 ,这两个城市环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染主要是以煤的炭化、气化、燃烧以及机动车尾气为主的复合型污染 ,而机动车尾气...     

多环芳烃在某工业园区周边环境介质中的分布

采集并分析了位于某工业园区下风向2个村庄周围的土壤、积尘、空气、地下水和地表水样品中16种PAHs的浓度。发现以大气扩散和空气颗粒物沉降方式进入环境的PAHs,在各环境介质中的浓度为:积尘土壤空气地下水和地表水。通过分析样品中多环芳烃的组分发现:不同环境介质中PAHs的组分差异较大,而在两个村相同环境介质中组分较为相似。通过分析树脂吸附、颗粒物截留2种方式所采集的空气样品发现:二、三环多环芳烃主要存在于气相,五环以上的主要存在于颗粒物,四环在两相中同时存在。通过轮廓图法推测:所调查的2个村多环芳烃类污染物的主要来源相同。通过特征成分比值法发现:2个村空气颗粒物中的多环芳烃主要来源于燃煤污染源。     

褐煤与烟煤燃烧排放可吸入颗粒物的特性

分别对燃烧褐煤与烟煤两个电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的粒度分布、显微结构及重金属和多环芳烃在可吸入颗粒物中分布特征进行研究。研究表明:不同煤种燃烧排放可吸入颗粒物的形态都以球形颗粒为主,表面比较光滑,同原状飞灰相比,可吸入颗粒物以实心结构为主,多孔和空心结构较少;随着可吸入颗粒物粒径的减小,重金属和多环芳烃含量呈现逐渐增加的趋势;褐煤燃烧排放可吸入颗粒物中重金属总量要高于烟煤燃烧排放重金属总量,尤其是褐煤燃烧排放As含量明显高于烟煤燃烧排放As含量,原因是由于褐煤中As含量大于烟煤中As含量;褐煤燃烧排放可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃总量要高于烟煤燃烧排放多环芳烃总量与煤种的挥发份有很大的关系。研究旨在为大气颗粒物的源识别、可吸入颗粒物的污染控制与资源综合等方面提供科学的依据。     

拉萨市城区大气和拉鲁湿地土壤中的多环芳烃

对拉萨城区大气及郊区湿地土壤中多环芳烃的研究表明,大气中的多环芳烃,颗粒物占27.69%,气相状态占72.31%;由于高原高强度的紫外线辐射,无论是颗粒相还是气相状态存在的多环芳烃含量均是夜晚高于白天;颗粒物中的多环芳烃主要为3个苯环数以上的,而气相状态的多环芳烃多为2和3个苯环数的芳烃及芘.湿地土壤中的多环芳烃主要来自于大气,其中气相状态占52.56%,颗粒物占47.44%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.