城市环境空气中颗粒物源解析研究

颗粒物是我国大多数城市环境空气中的首要污染物.由于缺乏对颗粒物成分及来源的研究,导致目前的控制措施常常缺乏针对性.为全面弄清城市环境空气中颗粒物的来源,分采暖期和非采暖期对城市的主要大气污染源进行识别和采样,包括煤烟尘、建筑水泥尘、扬尘、土壤风沙尘、海盐粒子和二次粒子,并利用原子发射光谱、离子色谱等仪器对其成分进行定性定量分析,建立可吸入颗粒物的源成分谱.从而得出颗粒物元素成分谱,通过化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型进行解析,得出各污染源对受体的贡献值和分担率.确定主要污染源,为采取针对性的措施治理污染提供依据.     

邯郸市可吸入颗粒物上多环芳烃来源识别和解析

环境空气中多环芳烃的来源包括自然源和人为源,本文根据化学质量平衡（CMB）受体模型对邯郸市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃进行源解析,测定邯郸市非采暖季和采暖季可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度,对其污染水平进行比较分析。根据污染源调查结果,确定市区多环芳烃的主要排放源类,并建立相应的源成分谱。应用化学质量平衡受体模型解析邯郸市可吸入颗粒物上多环芳烃主要来源的分担率,并根据分析结果针对性提出了多环芳烃污染防治对策。     

PM10可替代源成分谱的建立方法及其应用

对收集到的我国35个城市的PM10有效实测源成分谱进行系统聚类,应用系统聚类和方差分析方法,对源成分谱进行聚类和区域的划分.对聚为一类的各城市源成分谱进行主成分分析,所得主成分得分系数作为权重,加权运算建立可替代源成分谱.利用R、CD以及CMB模型解析所得源贡献值的相对误差,评价所建立的可替代源成分谱的合理性及可行性.得到6种污染源的13个可替代源成分谱,煤烟尘与扬尘各三类,土壤风沙尘、钢铁尘与建筑水泥尘各两类,机动车尾气尘一类.煤烟尘与钢铁尘可以直接进行替代;建筑水泥尘不存在明显区域特征;机动车尾气尘由于数据代表性不足,建议采用实测源成分谱;土壤风沙尘与扬尘的替代标准有待进一步的研究.     

厦门市大气可吸入颗粒物源解析的研究

采用2004～2005年对厦门大气中PM10开展的3期采样分析数据,利用主因子分析法定性分析厦门大气中可吸入颗粒物的主要来源,并结合多元线性回归法,求出定量的结果。分析结果表明,影响厦门市可吸入颗粒物的主要来源有四种:工业燃煤、汽车尾气、土壤风沙尘和海盐粒子,其中二次粒子为主要污染源,贡献率为30.0%,其次为汽车尾气占29.4%,土壤风沙和建筑尘的贡献约占21.7%,海洋粒子的贡献为6.5%,不可识别源18.1%。     

“十一五”期间抚顺市环境空气质量现状及污染原因分析

根据抚顺市"十一五"期间环境空气质量监测资料,系统地分析了"十一五"期间抚顺市的环境空气质量状况及污染原因。结果表明,"十一五"期间抚顺市的环境空气质量总体上有所改善,环境空气中的二氧化硫、二氧化氮各年均达标,可吸入颗粒物从2008年开始连续三年达标。采暖期的空气污染明显重于非采暖期,工业区的污染重于其它区。抚顺市的环境空气污染主要受城市布局和产业结构、气象条件及汽车尾气的影响。     

燃煤烟尘多环芳烃成分谱特征的研究

为了利用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析煤烟尘对环境空气中多环芳烃的贡献率,建立煤烟尘多环芳烃成分谱是非常必要的.笔者测定了民用燃煤烟尘和工业燃煤烟尘中13种多环芳烃的组成.对分析结果进行归一化后,确定了民用燃煤和工业燃煤多环芳烃成分谱,并进一步讨论了BaP/BghiP,BaP/COR,PYR/BaP,BeP/BaP和IND/BghiP的特征比值,以及多环芳烃的降解对其造成的影响.      

2013年西安市大气污染物变化特征及成因分析研究

大气污染日益严重.对2013年西安市13个国控环境空气质量自动监测站的6种污染物项目进行分析,西安市首要大气污染物为细颗粒物（PM2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM1o）.二氧化硫、氮氧化物、细颗粒物和可吸入颗粒物污染物呈现出春冬高,夏秋低的趋势,为上抛物线型,相关系数为99％,且表现出污染源高度同源性;而臭氧污染趋势为夏秋高,冬春低,与气温的线性相关系数为96％.燃煤、机动车尾气、建筑扬尘是西安市大气污染三大污染源,大气污染防治必须多主要污染源共抓,不断减少污染物排放.     

北京城区可吸入颗粒物分布与呼吸系统疾病相关分析

可吸入颗粒物(PM10)已成为北京市首要空气污染物,严重影响城市环境质量及居民健康.本研究采集了北京市2008～2009年非采暖期与采暖期两个不同时期不同粒径(0.3、0.5、3.0和5.0μm)的大气颗粒物浓度,利用空间分析方法研究其分布规律;同时收集同期患呼吸系统疾病的病人数据,对其进行统计分析;再在回归分析的基础上,运用灰色关联模型探讨可吸入颗粒物与呼吸系统疾病的相关性.结果表明,细颗粒的空间分布情况相异,而粗颗粒物分布规律大致相同.呼吸系统疾病与可吸入颗粒物浓度有一定的关联,采暖期是呼吸系统疾病的高发期,可吸入颗粒物在采暖期对呼吸系统疾病的发病率影响相对较高.无论在采暖期还是非采暖期,细颗粒物的浓度均高于粗颗粒物,且细颗粒物对呼吸系统疾病的影响较大.     

南京市可吸入颗粒物（PM10）来源解析研究

基于《南京市环境空气中可吸入颗粒物（PM10）源解析及控制对策研究》课题研究成果,课题于2004年-2005年间共采集了197个源和受体样品,每个样品分析测试了三类化学元素,采用化学质量平衡（CMB）模型解析南京市环境空气中可吸入颗粒物的来源,其中48%来源于扬尘、土壤尘等开放源类。研究认为扬尘等开放源类是南京市可吸入颗粒物污染的首要因素。     

基于CALPUFF-CMB复合模型的燃煤源精细化来源解析

为了反映燃煤源对环境受体的影响情况,利用扩散模式（CALPUFF模式）对燃煤源多种子源类的排放、扩散过程进行模拟,得到燃煤源各子源类对环境受体中PM₁₀的影响权重,进而构建更具代表性的燃煤源成分谱.然后将受体颗粒物化学成分和两套源成分谱（基于环境影响构建的燃煤源成分谱和基于各子源类煤烟尘排放量加权平均的传统源成分谱）,分别纳入CMB模型进行乌鲁木齐市采暖季环境受体中PM₁₀的来源解析.结果表明：基于CALPUFF模拟结果,得到燃煤源的3类子源类­电厂、供热、工业燃煤源的影响权重分别为0.02、0.39和0.59.基于传统方法构建的源成分谱进行源解析的结果显示,各源类的贡献大小依次为：集中燃煤（27.2%） > 城市扬尘（19.1%） > 二次硫酸盐（15.7%） > 民用散煤（9.9%） > 二次硝酸盐（9.5%） > 机动车尾气尘（7.6%） > 钢铁尘（1.2%） > 建筑水泥尘（0.2%）;而基于环境影响构建的源成分谱获得的结果显示：二次硫酸盐（20.1%） > 城市扬尘（20%） > 集中燃煤（18.9%） > 民用散煤（11.5%）二次硝酸盐（10.5%） > 机动车尾气尘（9%） > 钢铁尘（1.7%） > 建筑水泥尘（1.4%）.基于不同燃煤源子源类对受体环境的影响权重,将乌鲁木齐市颗粒物来源解析结果进一步细分,得到相对精细化的来源解析结果.结果显示,民用散煤的贡献为11.5%,电厂燃煤源为0.4%,供热燃煤源为7.4%,工业燃煤源为11.1%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.