填埋场陈腐垃圾综合利用研究进展

填埋场存量生活垃圾的治理已成为近年我国环境保护的重要工作。陈腐垃圾的资源化利用是保证填埋场治理工作顺利开展的关键。就填埋场陈腐垃圾的主要成分——腐殖土和可燃垃圾(以塑料为主)的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。目前腐殖土的主要利用技术有作为废水处理的生物填料、填埋场覆盖土以及绿化土和栽种基质,可燃垃圾的主要利用技术包括焚烧发电、水泥窑的替代燃料、微波裂解等。通过分析发现,现有腐殖土和可燃垃圾资源化处理技术存在处理量相对较小,设施处理能力不足的问题。因此,陈腐垃圾的资源化在采用现有多种技术的同时,应开辟新的途径。项目研究可为生活垃圾填埋场陈腐垃圾的综合利用提供技术参考。     

非正规垃圾填埋场的识别

<正>垃圾卫生填埋是处置垃圾的最终手段。垃圾填埋场的正规设计、建设、运行是保证垃圾正确处理的前提。目前,非正规垃圾填埋场在垃圾填埋场中还占有相当比重,给垃圾的无害处理留下隐患。通过对非正规垃圾填埋场与正规垃圾填埋场的调查分析,可得出它们各自的特点。为了在治理非正规垃圾填埋场中能够使相关方面正确识别非正规垃圾填埋场,现将非正规垃圾填埋场的特征总结如下。     

中国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中典型污染指标特性比较分析

本研究基于1991—2018年期间的相关报道,通过单因子和內梅罗指数法、地下水质量评分法等方法及SPSS 24.0和Origin 2017等分析软件分别对我国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中的主要污染指标进行了评价,通过累计污染负荷比法分别对其进行了识别,并分析了正规与非正规填埋场地下水的污染特征与差异,以期为我国不同类型的生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的修复和治理提供指导.结果表明:我国正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中已报道检出污染指标共计89种,非正规共计93种;其中在非正规填埋场地下水中,有机物、无机盐以及重金属污染指标的数量都较之正规的更多.正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中普遍性、局部性和点源性的主要污染指标差异明显,虽然两种不同类型的填埋场地下水中均普遍存在有机物(高锰酸盐指数)、无机盐(氨氮、氯化物、硝酸盐氮)和重金属(铁)污染指标,但是在非正规填埋场地下水中还普遍含锰和砷,局部含汞;在正规填埋场地下水中,普遍含汞,局部含锰.同时,我国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水质量综合评分F值分别为7.69和8.11,都属于极差级别,表明无论是正规还是非正规填埋场,其地下水都已受到了严重污染,其中非正规的污染程度明显高于正规的.因此,生活垃圾填埋场对地下水的污染应引起社会的关注,尤其应加强对非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的修复和治理.     

非正规垃圾填埋场调查与治理研究

以北京市海淀区非正规垃圾填埋场为例,分析了非正规垃圾填埋场存在的问题,探讨了对非正规垃圾填埋场的治理思路、技术方案,提出非正规垃圾填埋场治理的保障措施.     

广州市垃圾填埋场主要的环境问题与对策

本文介绍了广州市生活垃圾的处理现状,并分析了非正规垃圾填埋场存在的主要环境问题,从推进生活垃圾分类,完善城市环卫管理运行机制,改进垃圾处理技术与设备,尤其是加强对非正规垃圾填埋场及周边区域环境的监测、风险评估与有效治理等方面为实现生活垃圾无害化处理与污染防治提出了具体建议。     

“十二五”中国非正规生活垃圾填埋场存量整治工作进展

垃圾填埋场由于建设时期久远,相关标准、规范缺失,中国仍存在大量非正规生活垃圾填埋场.“十二五”期间,国家开始对即将停用的非正规填埋场进行封场整治,要求各省上报整理工作量.文章对“十二五”期间,各地非正规填埋场的存量整治工作进行统计整理,从统计数据来看,非正规填埋场存量整治工作量巨大,未来仍需大量时间和财力投入才能彻底完成全部工作.     

非正规垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾的综合利用分析

本文以上庄非正规垃圾填埋场为例,对填埋年限10年以上的非正规垃圾填埋场垃圾的综合利用进行分析。经过10余年的降解,垃圾已相对稳定,称为矿化垃圾,其成分以类腐殖质土壤为主,根据其物化性质,可用作填埋场日覆盖土;经晾晒后可用作营养土。矿化垃圾中的塑料、橡胶、玻璃、建筑垃圾等均可回收利用,实现垃圾的减容减量和资源化,这对于北京市非正规垃圾填埋场的治理具有重要的指导意义。     

准好氧填埋场中间覆盖层CH_4释放及减排潜力

针对河北省某准好氧垃圾填埋场进行了CH_4释放通量测定,同时测验了中间覆盖材料的CH_4氧化性能,并在此基础上分析了准好氧垃圾填埋场作业过程中的CH_4减排潜力.结果表明,作业台阶表面中午和下午的CH_4释放通量相对较大,填埋龄为4、8、12、16个月的CH_4平均释放通量分别为4.79,21.16,81.04,7.44g/(m~2·d).CH_4氧化材料的氧化能力大小为:厌氧填埋陈腐垃圾准好氧填埋陈腐垃圾老覆盖土陈腐垃圾:新土(1:10,m/m)禽畜粪便堆肥生活垃圾堆肥新覆盖土.填埋龄为4、8、16个月填埋堆体选用厌氧填埋陈腐垃圾、准好氧填埋陈腐垃圾、老覆盖土、陈腐垃圾:新土(1:10,m/m)为覆盖层,理论上可以完全氧化作业台阶表面释放的CH_4气体;填埋龄为12个月填埋堆体采用陈腐垃圾和老覆土作为覆盖层,理论上可以氧化去除填埋堆体导气管周边5~15m范围内释放CH_4气体,但不能完全去除导气管5m范围内释放的CH_4.     

非正规填埋场矿化垃圾理化性质与资源化利用研究

为探索非正规垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾资源化利用问题,以广东省东莞市常平镇桥沥垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾为例,多点采集样品经人工分拣和不同粒径段筛分后,对其物理组成和化学性质进行了分析.结果表明:矿化垃圾中腐殖土主要在40mm粒径段以下,占47.3%,塑料、织物及木竹等可燃轻质垃圾主要在大于80mm粒径段,占40.1%;工程筛分粒径可选40mm,筛上物主要为可燃物,筛下物主要为腐殖土;按照有机肥堆肥腐熟标准,筛下物腐殖土基本可达到腐熟,营养物质含量达到《城市生活垃圾农用标准》(GB8172-1987)要求,但部分重金属含量超标;矿化垃圾经筛分后的轻质垃圾,热值约为6000kJ/kg,可直接进行焚烧处理,将其制备成垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)后,热值可达10000~24000kJ/kg.     

城市生活垃圾砖

利用城市生活垃圾烧砖,是一项利国利民、变废为宝、开发能源的战略措施。本成果的主要技术关键为:把城市生活垃圾变成制砖原料的制造和处理。即原型城市生活垃圾经2～3年堆积陈腐,陈腐后再经     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Sludge concentration dynamic distribution and its impact on the performance of UNITANK

UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant （WWTP） of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China

The Cr,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,Carassius auratus Linnaeus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis,which were caught from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,a large,shallow and eutrophic lake of China.The results showed that:(1)the Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion(1994),but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion;(2)Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish,Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish,Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads,Zn contents were the highest in the gonad(♀),and Cu contents were the highest in the liver;(3)the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle.The total metal accumulation was the highest in C.auratus L.This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption,but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.