阿魏酸芥子酸清除亚硝基自由基的动力学研究

利用脉冲辐解方法，研究了阿魏酸、芥子酸（ＨＣＡ）快速清除ＮＯ２的机理，测得ＮＯ２从ＨＣＡ抽氢反应的动力学常数为（７．２－７．４）×１０＾８ｄｍ＾３．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｓ＾－１量级，并发现在弱酸性条件下ＨＣＡ也能有效清除ＨＮＯ２。     

用电子自旋探针研究水泥固化土壤中镉离子的反应

应用电子自旋探针（Ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒｏｎ ｓｐｉｎ ｐｒｏｂｅ，简ＥＳＰ）Ｍｎ＾２＋离子的超精细结构（ｈｙｐｅｒｆｉｎｅ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ，简称ｈｆｓ），揭示了水泥固化土壤中Ｃｄ＾２＋离子的化学反应，研究发现：由于水泥水化产生高的ＰＨ值，Ｃｄ＾２＋离子与ＯＨ＾－离子反应生成Ｃｄ（ＯＨ）２沉‘当有ＣＯ２气体存在时，Ｃｄ＾２＋离子会与ＣＯ２和水泥水化的ＯＨ＾－离子反应生成ＣｄＣＯ３、Ｃｄ（ＯＨ）２，这些     

黄海西部大气湿沉降(降水)的pH与主要酸碱离子的关系

对黄海西部的千里岩、青岛的麦岛两个降消要样点１９９７、１９９８丙年所收集的１１３个降 Ｈ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｆ＾－、Ｃｌ＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－共１０种离子成分的含量，分别用ＮＡ＾＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋＋ＮＨ４＾＋）／（ＮＯ３＋ｎｓａＳＯ４＾２－、ｃｍｓｓＳＯ４＾２－（ｎｓｓＳＯ４＾２－）的相关分析。结果表明：（１）以Ｍｇ＾２＋作为参考元素计算得到     

酸沉降与非金属建筑材料腐蚀机理的探讨

将酸雨对非金属建筑材料的整个腐蚀过程分为腐蚀初期，中期和末期３个腐蚀阶段，进而提出腐蚀机理。对整个腐蚀过程探讨表明：酸雨对材料的腐蚀是酸雨中Ｈ＾＋和ＳＯ４＾２－共同侵蚀作用的结果；Ｈ＾＋将溶解硬化水泥中的Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２，ＳＯ４＾２－将与硬化水泥石作用生成膨胀性的物质ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ。因此，酸雨对非金属建筑材料的腐蚀，主要是Ｈ＾＋引起溶解腐蚀和ＳＯ４＾２－引起的膨胀腐蚀 。     

不同离子在CCl4引发自由基反应中的作用及其环境生物学意义

报道了一种简便的ＣＣ１４体外引发自由基反应的模型，以小鼠肝匀浆脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的ＯＤ５３２ｍｍ值（ＭＤＡ－ＯＤ５３２ｍｍ）作为测定自由基反应的间接指标，研究了Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋、Ｃｒ＾３＋、ＳｅＯ３＾２－等离子和Ｓs２Ｏ３水溶液在ＣＣ１４引发自由基反应体系中的作用。结果表明：Ｍn＾２＋能显著抑制自由基的生成，Ｃr＾３＋有一定的抑制作用，而ＨgＴ＾２＋对自由基产生有明显促进     

快速测定废水中CODcr的方法

以ＣｕＳＯ４－ＫＡｌ（ＳＯ４）２－ＮａＭｏＯ４作催化剂，在Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４体系中快速测定废水ＣＯＤｃｒ新方法，回流时间由标准法的２ｈ缩短至０．５ｈ，以ＡｇＮＯ３－ＣｒＫ（ＳＯ４）代替Ｈｇ２ＳＯ４消除ＣＩ＾－干扰，避免汞的污染。     

长光路FTIR研究HFC152a光化学反应

用长光路ＦＴＩＲ技术研究氟里昂替代物ＨＦＣ１５２ａ（ＣＨ３ＣＨＦ２）在对流层中的化学反应，氯离子作反应的引发剂，用相对速度方法测定了ＨＦＣ１５２ａ与Ｃｌ原子反应速率常数为（２．３±０．５）×１０＾－１３ｃｍ＾３·ｍｏｌ＾－１·ｓ＾－１（２９８±Ｋ）。ＨＦＣ１５２ａ在对流层中的主要含氟光解产物为ＣＯＦ２，产率为８８％。有关反应机理进行了讨论。     

长光路FTIR研究OH发生体系中的OH浓度

利用长光路ＦＴＩＲ测定早苯、三本等芳香烃化合物在烟雾箱中光化学反应衰减,确字了ＮＯｘ－Ｈ２Ｏ、Ａｉｒ、ＨＯＮＯ－Ｈ２Ｏ－Ａｉｒ和ＣＨ３ＯＮＯ－ＮＯ－Ａｉｒ３种体系在我灯自夸下的ＯＨ浓度,结果表明三者ＯＨ浓度范围分别为：～１０＾５～１０＾６、～１０＾７、～１０＾７～１０＾８ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅｓ．ｃｍ＾－３,并进一步讨论了反应前体物对生成ＯＨ浓度的影响。     

铁改性海泡石对水中有害阴离子的吸附

海泡石经Ｆｅ＾３＋改性后，吸附阴离子的能力大幅度提高，可有效地吸附去除水中的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）、Ａｓ（Ⅴ）离子，Ｆｅ＾３＋改性时的ｐＨ条件和Ｆｅ＾３＋的用量对改性海泡石的吸附能力有明显影响。ｐＨ＝１．４￣１．５，饱和吸附Ｆｅ＾３＋的改性海泡石对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）、Ａｓ（Ⅴ）离子具有最强的吸附能力。     

鱼对不同形态铅的吸收

研究了水中铅游离态和各种无机络合态之间的分布特征，探讨了鱼鳃分泌物的络合性能及其对形态分布的影响。结果表明：在没有天然有机配位体的体系中，Ｐｂ主要以ＰｂＣＯ＾－３，Ｐｂ（ＯＨ）＾＋，Ｐｂ（ＯＨ）＾０２，Ｐｂ（ＣＯ３）６２－２和Ｐｂ＾２＋形态存在。金鱼粘液分泌与铅暴露量成正相关关系。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...