地下水溶质运移方程有限差分格式的实证研究

在求解对流占优的地下水溶质运移方程时,为克服有限差分法和有限单元法产生的过量和值弥散等虚假数值现象,出现了许多数值方法,其中包括Crank-Nicholson格式、上游加权法和人工扩散量法等。以一维地下水溶质运移方程为例,分析三种差分格式的截断误差、稳定性和收敛性,并通过数值试验,在不同的对流强度下,将不同算法的数值解与解析解进行对比,研究不同算法的优缺点和适用条件。结果表明:在对流占优较弱时,三种方法都适用,但Crank-Nicholson差分格式误差最小;当对流强度增大时,适用时间步长较小的人工扩散量法;当对流强度较大时,适用时间步长较大的人工扩散量法,或者空间步长较小的上游加权法。该研究可为解决实际问题时算法的选择提供依据。     

泗顶矿区剖层土固氮微生物群落结构和丰度

以广西柳州泗顶矿区的上游区、下游区和尾矿区12个剖层土(每个区域分为4层)为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术和荧光定量PCR技术,分析了剖层土中固氮微生物的群落结构、丰度和多样性特征.结果表明,变形菌门在各区域剖层土中均为优势菌门,所占比例超过70％;α-变形菌纲在上游区和下游区剖层土中均为优势菌纲.上游区、下游区和尾矿区...     

流域水环境累积风险评估研究

流域水环境累积风险属于多层次、多准则的复合系统问题,具有一定的模糊和突变特性,在可持续发展的要求下,对流域进行水环境风险综合评估与防控十分必要.建立基于16项底层指标的流域水环境累积风险评估综合指标体系,将突变理论应用于表达和计算累积环境风险,可以形成系统完整的流域水环境累积风险评估研究方法.以流溪河流域为例,通过分区计算分析流域水环境累积风险形势,得出流溪河流域上游水环境累积风险水平较低,流域中游和下游均有较高的水环境累积风险.     

三亚电厂温排水数值模拟

针对数值求解浅方程中的难点问题，运用嵌套方法模拟计算了三亚电厂附近海域潮流场。运用建立在对流扩散理论基础之上的输运扩散模型模拟了被动扩散过程，给出了三亚电厂温排水各个方案的温升场特征值。     

澜沧江流域云南段土地利用及其变化对土壤侵蚀的影响

采用GIS空间分析与传统统计分析相结合的方法,通过在ARCGIS 8.1的GRID模块中,对澜沧江流域南段土地的栅格(GRID)图进行地图代数运算,形成具有复合数据的新GRID数据表;对新生成GRID属性表的数据进行统计计算,获得研究时段内不同空间范围的土地利用转移矩阵数据及各类用地上的土壤侵蚀数据;通过土壤侵蚀综合指数(INDEX)的计算,反映了不同区域、不同土地利用类型上的土壤侵蚀程度及其变化.研究结果表明,耕地、其它林地、低覆盖度草地上土壤受侵蚀的可能性较其它用地类型大;耕地、中覆盖度草地、水域的土壤侵蚀强度较其它用地类型大;土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀变化的影响在澜沧江中游和下游区域表现较为明显,而在上游区域不明显;上游区域土壤侵蚀的主导因素不是土地利用及其变化,而是地形、气候等其它因素.     

船舶区域溢油风险程度甄别的人工神经网络方法

利用误差反向传播 (BP)人工神经网络 ,建立了海域船舶溢油风险程度甄别的评价模型。该模型能够反映出研究海域各区域发生船舶溢油事件的风险等级差别 ,具有一定的客观性和实用性。     

一个三维水质预测模式在茂名近海的应用

通过建立一个三维陆架海数值模式来预报近海潮流、COD和油类浓度的对流扩散,并应用于沿岸海区—茂名近海海域的工程前期数值预测。预测结果表明,海区潮流的涨落与实测结果吻合;污染物在近海对流、扩散情形基本合理。这表明该模式可适合应用于河口、近岸等涉海海洋工程海域的流场及水质的三维数值预测,为相关的水动力环境要素和水质影响评价提供一定的参考价值。     

氯接触池内水流运动和溶质扩散的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟(LES)方法数值计算了氯接触池内水流运动和溶质输移扩散,其中由亚格子尺度涡运动引起的亚格子应力通过Smagorinsky-Lilly亚网格模型模拟,计算溶质涡扩散系数的施密特数(Sc)取值0.5。溶质输运方程中对流项的差分格式为QUICK格式。模拟结果与物模实验结果以及标准k-ε湍流模型计算结果相比较,呈现了良好的预测效果,表明建立的数学模型及求解方法在氯接触池水流和溶质输运模拟中的可行性。     

金沙江干热河谷不同区段土壤碳氮磷化学计量和酶活性研究

探明金沙江干热河谷土壤C、N、P化学计量和土壤酶活性特征,是该区域生态恢复的重要决策依据. 2021年1月通过野外调查、土样采集及室内分析,对金沙江干热河谷上、中、下游共32个样地表层土壤的C、N、P化学计量和酶活性特征及其相互关系进行研究. 结果表明:①金沙江干热河谷土壤C、N、P元素含量受气候、土壤和植被等环境因子影响,其含量均表现为上游>下游>中游的特征,而土壤C/N值(含量比)从上游向下游逐渐降低,土壤C/P值(含量比)和N/P值(含量比)均呈从上游向下游逐渐增加的趋势. ②土壤脲酶(Ure)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)的酶活性受金沙江干热河谷上、中、下游气候以及土壤、植被等环境因子的影响,其活性均表现为上游>下游>中游的特征. ③金沙江干热河谷不同植被类型土壤C、N、P含量和酶活性均表现为天然林>人工林>稀树灌草丛的特征. 研究显示:金沙江干热河谷上、中、下游土壤C、N、P元素含量及其化学计量比和土壤酶活性存在空间差异,可能与不同区段的气候、土壤、植被等因素有关;适宜的气候、土壤和植被能增加土壤C、N、P元素含量,提高土壤Ure、BG和AP酶活性.      

基于信息扩散法的环境风险区划

针对石化工业区内多个风险源分布的特点,尝试运用信息扩散法对规划区域进行环境风险区划。用VBA建立模糊扩散模型计算得到的风险信息矩阵,结合相关分级标准通过使用SURFER软件对矩阵数据进行聚类分析可得出直观的环境风险区划图。该图可为石化区开发建设和规划调整提供科学依据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.