EDTA和BR对黑麦草铅积累与耐性的调控作用

通过盆栽试验研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)与植物生长调节剂芸苔素内酯(BR)单施或配施对Pb胁迫条件下黑麦草生长、生理特性及铅富集与转运特征的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施0.05~0.1 mg·L~(-1)的BR提高了黑麦草地上部Pb含量与积累量、植株干重、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、酸溶性巯基(SH)和络合素(PCs)含量.单施2.5 mmol·kg-1EDTA对黑麦草生长没有显著影响,但显著提高了植株Pb含量和积累量;EDTA与BR配施处理中,随着BR浓度的升高,地上部Pb含量与积累量、转移系数和富集系数随之提高,生物量则没有显著变化;叶面喷施0.1 mg·L~(-1)的BR配合根施2.5 mmol·kg~(-1)的EDTA,可使地上部Pb积累量提高8.79倍.BR单施在提高Pb积累的同时,通过提高SH和PCs含量来提高其对Pb的耐性;BR与EDTA配施处理则在进一步提高黑麦草对Pb的富集与转移能力的同时,通过提高As A含量来提高其对Pb胁迫的耐性.     

蓖麻对镉的耐性、积累及与镉亚细胞分布的关系

本研究以淄蓖麻3号为供试材料,通过营养液栽培实验,研究了不同Cd浓度(0、10、25、50、100、200、400μmol·L-1)对蓖麻生理特性、镉积累和亚细胞分布特征的影响,揭示镉细胞分布特征对镉耐性与积累的影响.结果表明,镉处理对蓖麻叶片丙二醛含量影响不显著,叶绿素含量则对镉具有较强的敏感性,可作为蓖麻镉耐性的评价指标.随着营养液镉含量的增加,蓖麻根、茎、叶镉含量均呈上升趋势,各器官镉含量呈现出根茎叶的分配特征,根系对镉具有较强的积累能力和滞留作用.镉在蓖麻根系和叶片各亚细胞组分的含量均为可溶组分细胞壁细胞器,随着镉胁迫的增加,蓖麻根系细胞壁中镉的相对含量呈增加趋势,可见液泡区隔化和细胞壁固持是蓖麻应对镉胁迫的重要耐性机制.镉在蓖麻体内的茎-叶转移系数为0.35~0.62,而根-茎转移系数仅为0.02~0.11,可见镉从根系向茎的转移能力较弱是降低蓖麻地上部镉富集的重要原因.统计分析表明,蓖麻根系镉的亚细胞分布特征对镉从根向茎的迁移转化能力有显著影响.根-茎转移系数随着根系细胞壁和细胞器镉分配比例的增加而递减,随可溶组分镉分配比例的增加而递增.     

镉胁迫对不同品种白菜生长生理及亚细胞分布的影响

为了解镉胁迫对不同品种白菜生长生理、亚细胞分布的影响,采用盆栽试验的方法,设置不同镉浓度处理,研究贵州常栽的三个品种白菜生长、生理及亚细胞分布差异。结果显示：镉胁迫下,春信火锅王生长状态较好,且总体表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制的规律(地上部干重在迟白二号上的表现除外)。白菜叶绿素含量(SPAD)总体呈先增加后降低的趋势,叶绿素的最大值体现在春信火锅王上,迟白二号各部位镉含量与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关关系;植物络合素(PCs)浓度总体呈升高-降低-升高的趋势,春信火锅王地上部镉含量和可溶性组分镉含量与PCs呈显著负相关关系。三个品种白菜各部位的镉含量均随外源镉增加显著增加(P<0.05),表现为地上部>根部。不同品种白菜富集转运能力有较大差异,表现为青脆迟白菜>迟白二号>春信火锅王。三个品种白菜地上部鲜质量与有效态镉均具有显著负相关关系。不同浓度镉处理下白菜叶片镉的亚细胞分布规律总体上为细胞壁>可溶性组分>细胞器,但随镉处理浓度增大,细胞壁组分镉的占比降低,可溶性部分镉占比增大甚至超过细胞壁镉含量占比。综上,本研究三个品种白菜中,春信火锅王有较强的耐镉能...     

微塑料和镉及其复合对超富集植物生长和富集镉的影响

在生态系统中,微塑料与重金属的共同暴露已然不可避免,目前关于二者复合污染的研究多集中于农作物,而对超富集植物的研究仍比较缺乏.基于此,本文探究了微塑料、重金属镉和二者复合效应对超积累植物东南景天和叶芽鼠耳芥生长特性和镉富集的影响.选取东南景天和叶芽鼠耳芥为试验对象,通过水培试验揭示聚苯乙烯微塑料(mPS,0、100、500 mg·L^-1)与重金属镉(Cd,0、50、200、500、1000μmol·L^-1)单一及其复合污染对两种植物生长（生物量、根长、株高）和镉富集的影响.结果表明,单一微塑料处理下,微塑料对东南景天和叶芽鼠耳芥的生长起促进作用,当微塑料浓度为500 mg·L^-1时,东南景天地上部和根部、叶芽鼠耳芥地上部和根部鲜重较对照组分别增长了25.4%、143.1%、160.6%和127.1%,东南景天和叶芽鼠耳芥的根长较对照组分别显著增加了21.6%和42.3%;单一镉胁迫下,东南景天和叶芽鼠耳芥的生长被抑制,且随着培养液中镉浓度的增加,植株体内的镉含量不断增加;微塑料-镉复合试验(镉浓度200μmol·L     

速生树种竹柳对复合污染土壤中镉和锌的吸收、积累与生理响应特性

为探讨竹柳在重金属复合污染(镉、锌)土壤中生长的生理变化及重金属在植株内的转移情况,以竹柳(Salix sp.)三号及竹柳五号为试验材料,以重金属复合污染的水稻土为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验研究了重金属对竹柳生理指标、重金属吸收与积累量、富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)的影响.结果表明:竹柳各器官重金属含量和转移情况不同,其中,叶片中Cd、Zn含量最高,分别达61.4和1940 mg·kg~(-1);竹柳三号对Zn的转运能力大于竹柳五号,而竹柳五号的净光合速率更高;生长100 d后,重金属在竹柳叶片中的积累量和转移系数均高于其他部位,竹柳吸收的重金属主要分布在叶片中,可通过集中处理叶片达到去除土壤中重金属污染的目的.     

水培条件下秋华柳对重金属Cd的富集特性及光合响应

采用水培试验的方法,研究了不同Cd胁迫浓度〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0、1、5、10和20 mg/L〕下秋华柳的生长、光合耐性及其对Cd的富集特性和转移能力.结果表明:①随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳生长所受到的抑制程度有所增加.除20 mg/L处理组外,其余各处理组的耐性指数(TI)均大于70,表现出较高的耐性.②低Cd胁迫浓度(1 mg/L)下秋华柳具有较好的光合耐性,当Cd胁迫浓度达到20 mg/L时,秋华柳的光合系统才受到明显影响.③秋华柳对外源Cd的富集能力较强,随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳所积累的Cd显著增加且主要积累于根部,表现为叶<茎<根.当Cd胁迫浓度小于5 mg/L时,秋华柳根部吸收的Cd向地上部分转移的效果较好.试验显示,秋华柳对于较低Cd胁迫浓度(≤10 mg/L)具有较好的耐受性和富集能力,可用于三峡库区消落带表层土壤Cd污染严重区域进行植物修复.      

细胞分裂素类物质对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性及脯氨酸含量的影响

采用水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下喷施细胞分裂素类物质6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和激动素(KT)对玉米幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、植株镉含量和活性氧清除酶活性的影响.结果表明,与单纯镉胁迫相比,喷施6-BA和KT提高了玉米幼苗的生物量、根和地上部镉含量、叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,促进了叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的升高,但对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响不明显.说明细胞分裂素类物质6-BA和KT可缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害,其机制可能与细胞分裂素物质能维持叶绿素稳定、刺激细胞内H2O2清除酶类活性及促进脯氨酸积累有关.当6-BA浓度在0～20mg·L-1之间时,其对玉米幼苗镉胁迫的缓解效应随喷施浓度的提高而增强,而KT的最适喷施浓度为70mg·L-1.     

青菜中镉的吸收和累积对硒的响应规律

镉是一种有毒重金属,广泛种植的青菜却对镉有较强的富集能力.鉴于我国土壤的镉污染现状,消减青菜可食部位镉的累积有重要意义.硒可以调控植物对镉的吸收.通过3种青菜的水培硒、镉处理,以及硒影响下镉的吸收动力学,结果表明,3个浓度亚硒酸盐均使杭州油冬儿地上部镉含量显著降低50%左右;苏州青根和上海青的地上部镉含量则随硒水平提高而降低,但不显著.不同浓度亚硒酸盐可以降低青菜中镉转移系数,高浓度硒的抑制效果更明显; 50μmol·L~(-1)亚硒酸盐使杭州油冬儿和苏州青根的镉转移系数显著降低了50%左右.亚硒酸盐可以提高青菜中铁、锰的含量,50μmol·L~(-1)亚硒酸盐使杭州油冬儿地上部铁含量提高了1/2. 1 h吸收试验中,两种硒均显著提高了青菜对镉的吸收速率,并使V_(max)提高了100%以上.因此,硒可以降低青菜可食部位的镉累积,但此效果依赖于品种,而且主要来源于硒对镉在植物内转运的影响,而非根表的吸收竞争.     

三叶鬼针草毛状根的诱导及其对重金属Cd、Pb蓄积

利用发根农杆菌诱导植物毛状根多被利用于药用植物生物技术工程方面.目前植物修复也利用毛状根生长快,侧根分支多与污染源接触表面积大等优点进行污染水体的修复.三叶鬼针草自然植株具有重金属Cd的超富集能力,本文利用发根农杆菌C58C1诱导三叶鬼针草叶片产生毛状根,在1/2MS的液体培养基能稳定、正常生长,并表现对重金属Cd、Pb极强的忍耐和蓄积能力.单一处理时,三叶鬼针草毛状根在Cd≤50μmol·L-1和Pb≤25μmol·L-1时均能正常生长,生物量积累与对照没有明显差异;随处理浓度增加,当Cd≥100μmol·L-1、Pb≥50μmol·L-1时,毛状根生物量积累明显受到抑制.Cd-Pb复合处理时,低浓度Cd(25μmol·L-1)与Pb复合处理,随Pb浓度增加(25、100、200μmol·L-1)三叶鬼针草毛状根生物量逐渐减少,抑制效应随Pb增加而加剧;高浓度Cd(200μmol·L-1)与Pb复合处理,随Pb浓度增加(25、100、200μmol·L-1)生物量逐渐减少,抑制效应随Pb增加而加剧.高浓度Cd与Pb复合处理,毛状根生长受到抑制更严重.单一处理时,当Cd≤50μmol·L-1时,随处理浓度增加Cd蓄积量增加,当Cd≥100μmol·L-1时,重金属蓄积量明显降低,随处理浓度进一步增加,重金属蓄积量已无明显变化.Pb≤100μmol·L-1处理时,毛状根对Pb蓄积量随处理浓度增加微弱降低,但不明显;当Pb≥200μmol·L-1时,随处理浓度增加,毛状根对Pb蓄积量明显降低.Cd-Pb复合胁迫,低、中Pb(Pb≤100μmol·L-1)促进毛状根对Cd富集,高浓度Pb(Pb≥200μmol·L-1)则抑制Cd的富集;低浓度Cd仅对低浓度25μmol·L-1时Pb有微弱促进积累效应,其余均抑制Pb富集.这说明三叶鬼针草毛状根可作为重金属Cd、Pb污染水体潜在的植物修复新材料.     

速生树种竹柳对重金属胁迫的生理响应

为探讨速生树种竹柳(Salix sp.)对重金属胁迫的生理响应及耐受机制,以竹柳三号和竹柳五号为试验材料,在重金属复合污染(镉、铜、锌)的水稻土条件下处理65 d后,研究了其叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性的响应变化.结果表明:重金属胁迫下,两种竹柳叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均显著(p0.05)降低,而脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性均显著(p0.05)升高.重金属胁迫下,竹柳三号叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化歧化酶活性均显著(p0.05)低于竹柳五号,而叶绿素b含量和过氧化物酶活性反之.对照土壤中,竹柳三号的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性均显著低于竹柳五号,叶绿素含量反之.两种竹柳的叶绿素a/叶绿素b值、丙二醛含量无显著差异.综上所述,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等可以作为竹柳耐重金属胁迫的评价指标.竹柳五号在重金属胁迫作用下可维持较高的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性,因此,竹柳五号比竹柳三号对重金属胁迫有更强的耐性.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.