包埋固定化微生物的硫自养反硝化实验研究

采用升流式颗粒污泥床,外加Na<,2>S<,2>O<,3>作为电子供体,在室温下连续运行220 d,结合硫自养反硝化与固定化包埋技术进行脱氮实验,考察包埋颗粒的驯化条件、影响因素和最佳运行条件.进水负荷(以N计)维持0.22 kg/(m<'3>·d),包埋颗粒经23 d驯化成功,NO<'-><,3>-N(100 mg/...     

生物膜对纳米铁-微生物去除地下水中NO-3-N的影响

采用液相还原法制得纳米Fe<'0>,并采用自制恒化器从活性污泥中驯化出自养反硝化细菌.对比单独投加纳米Fe<'0>与投加纳米Fe<'0>及微生物时硝酸盐培养液体系的脱氮效果,包括采用分光光度法监测三氮(NO<'-><,3>-N、NO<'-><,2>-N、NH<,3>/NH<'+><,4>-N)的浓度变化,使用pH计监测...     

磷酸钙沉淀法去除猪场废水中磷的实验研究

以模拟猪场废水为处理对象,进行了磷酸钙沉淀除磷小试实验,考察了pH值、不同初始n(Ca)/n(P)、CO<'2-><,3>、Mg<'2+>以及CO<'2-><,3>和Mg<'2+>共存对磷酸钙沉淀反应的影响;利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对沉淀产物进行了表征.结果表明,在溶液pH=8.0和初始n(Ca)/n(P)=3.33...     

太湖沉积物中微生物和磷化氢的时空分布及关系

对2004年春、夏、秋、冬季太湖表层沉积物中微生物群落进行了调查.结果表明,好氧细菌夏季生长较好;放线菌春、秋季生长较好;有机磷细菌夏季分布数最大;无机磷细菌各季节间差异不显著(P>0.05);厌氧细菌春、夏季节分布要略高于秋、冬季节.在空间分布上,好氧细菌在鼋头渚分布最多,贡湖最少;厌氧细菌与好氧细菌分布规律类似;放线菌则与此相反;有机磷细菌为小丁湾>梅园>贡湖>东太湖>鼋头渚;无机磷细菌为东太湖>梅园>鼋头渚>小丁湾,贡湖.磷化氢(PH3)在太湖表层沉积物中含量在(1.71±0.74)～(176.47±0.98)ng/kg之间,最大值出现在冬季东太湖点,最小值出现在春季贡湖点.PH3与微生物的相关性分析表明,PH3与无机磷细菌显著正相关,与厌氧细菌的相关程度次之,与有机磷细菌则无明显的相关性.     

珠江三角洲典型区域农业土壤中多环芳烃的含量分布特征及其污染来源

2002-10～2005-11采集珠江三角洲典型区域（东莞市、惠州市、中山市、珠海市和佛山市顺德区）的农业土壤表层样品260个,运用气相色谱-质谱方法对美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行分析测定.结果显示,研究区农业土壤中16种PAHs含量范围在3.3～4 079.0 ng·g^-1,平均含量244.2 ng·g^-1,以3环和4环的PAHs为主;中心城区土壤中PAHs含量高于远郊区,菜地>水稻田>香蕉地>旱坡地果园地>甘蔗地.依据荧蒽/芘及2+3环与4环以上PAHs化合物分布特点,表明该区域农业土壤中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧.通过与国内外土壤中PAHs含量的对比,研究区的农业土壤受到一定程度的PAHs污染,含量处于中等水平.     

SO2暴露方式与油松生长的关系

苗龄为87d的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)于2002-07-01～08-29在3个处理组进行SO₂暴露实验60昼夜,处理1和处理2在24h中SO₂浓度分别为0.1 mg·m^-3和0.2 mg·m^-3,处理3每日6h SO₂浓度为0.5 mg·m^-3,18h SO2浓度为0.1mg·m^-3.经SO₂暴露后,处理1油松针叶气孔保卫细胞、针叶颜色未见异常;叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、单株干重、相对生长速率与对照组无显著差异;但针叶含硫量比对照增加17%,从针叶渗出的钾离子量比对照增加22%.处理2油松气孔保卫细胞、针叶颜色未见异常;叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率与对照组无显著差异;类胡萝卜素含量下降5%,针叶含硫量增加92%,从针叶渗出的钾离子量比对照增加67%,单株干重下降4.5%,相对生长速率下降0.6mg·(g·d)^-1.处理3油松气孔保卫细胞、针叶颜色发现异常;叶绿素含量与对照组相似,但类胡萝卜素含量下降21%,含硫量增加104%,从针叶渗出的钾离子量比对照增加89%,光合速率下降5%,蒸腾速率增加8%,单株干重下降7.6%,相对生长速率下降1.3mg·(g·d)^-1.     

交替灌溉条件下水氮耦合对土壤气态氮排放的影响

通过大田试验,以密闭法与硼酸吸收法收集和测定土壤NH<,3>,挥发量,以密闭法收集和气相色谱法测定土壤N<,2>O释放量.采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,研究交替灌溉施肥条件下的水氮数量耦合对NH<,3>,挥发,N<'2>O排放及夏玉米产量的影响,并建立相应的数学模型.交替灌溉施肥处理NH<,3>-N挥发量为4.78～1...     

珠三角地区生活垃圾焚烧厂汞的排放特征

利用OH法对珠三角8家垃圾焚烧厂(6家采用炉排炉工艺,2家采用流化床工艺)进行烟气采样,同时采集飞灰、底渣、煤炭样品进行分析.研究结果表明,珠三角炉排炉焚烧烟气平均总汞(THg)排放浓度为(51.4±28.3) μg·Nm^-3,流化床为(19.5±13.6) μg·Nm^-3.炉排炉飞灰THg含量为6674 μg·kg^-1,流化床飞灰THg含量为2135 μg·kg^-1,底渣中炉排炉THg含量为70 μg·kg^-1,流化床为30 μg·kg^-1.飞灰中的汞含量要远远高于底渣.垃圾焚烧过程中炉排炉70.8%的汞由烟气排放,26.3%存在飞灰中,底渣中的汞仅占2.9%.流化床工艺烟气汞排放占总汞排放的33.2%.利用质量平衡法计算珠三角垃圾中汞含量平均值为0.293 mg·kg^-1,流化床工艺因添加燃煤所产生的汞排放占到垃圾焚烧总汞排放的31.6%.     

三峡水库支流回水区营养状态季节变化

三峡水库成库后,对三峡水库13条主要支流回水区有机物、营养盐、生物量含量季节变化进行了初步研究.结果表明,支流高锰酸盐指数、化学耗氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、总磷（TP）、叶绿素a（Chl-a）含量季节间差异较大.高锰酸盐指数范围为0.20～9.61　mg·L^-1,COD含量范围4.58～42.0　mg·L^-1,TN含量范围为0.601～10.1　mg·L^-1,NH⁺₄-N含量范围0.044～6.82　mg·L^-1,TP含量范围为0.011～0.756　mg·L^-1,Chl-a值范围为2.0～161　mg·m^-3.支流回水区受到不同程度污染,水体中N含量丰富,部分支流富营养化的限制因子为P.双因子方差分析表明,营养因子在时间、空间分布上均有不同程度差异.回水区Chl-a含量高于上游区,季节分布有丰水期>平水期>枯水期.Chl-a与COD、高锰酸盐指数、TN、TP呈显著正相关关系.利用综合营养状态指数法评价了回水区富营养化程度,综合营养指数范围在35～72,所有支流达到中营养以上水平,不同季节营养状态表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期.支流回水区富营养化程度较成库前严重,该区域水体富营养化应引起重视.     

山西野生连翘生长地土壤PAHs污染特征及风险评价

山西是我国道地药材连翘的主产地之一,为探明连翘生长区土壤的安全性,在连翘成熟期从山西东南部野生连翘生长区采集了70个表层(0～25 cm)土壤样品,采用化学提取和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析方法,探讨了样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量与组成特征;利用比值法确定了PAHs的来源,并通过计算污染土壤PAHs的苯并[a]芘(Ba P)等效毒性当量评估了其潜在风险．结果表明,样点土壤PAHs总量(Σ16PAHs)的平均值为1.85μg·g^-1,3环PAHs的占比最高(平均值为76.7%),其中,3环的菲(Phe)和蒽(Ant)的样点检出率为100%;该生长区PAHs主要来源于空气传输与沉降的煤、生物质燃烧和车辆排放的污染物;所有样点土壤Σ16PAHs均达到了Maliszewska-Kordybach提出的农用土壤污染水平(Σ16PAHs含量>0.2μg·g^-1),41.4%的样点达到了重度污染水平(Σ16PAHs含量>1.0μg·g^-1),其中,10.0%的样点土壤Ba P的含量大于我国农用土壤筛选值...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.