水生植物热解生物油对中肋骨条藻抗氧化酶活性的影响

为揭示水生植物生物油抑藻机制,研究了芦竹300℃、芦苇400℃以及香蒲400℃这3种生物油对中肋骨条藻丙二醛含量变化及抗氧化酶系统(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,在这3种生物油作用下,生物油浓度越高MDA含量越高,当生物油浓度为10 mg·L-1时,中肋骨条藻丙二醛(MDA)含量随着作用时间的延长而升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随生物油添加浓度的升高而升高,在芦竹300℃及香蒲400℃生物油作用下随时间延长呈先升高后降低趋势,均在24 h时达到最大值,分别为93.6 U.(107cells)-1、8.23 U.(107cells)-1,而在芦苇400℃生物油作用下72 h内始终保持升高趋势;过氧化物酶(POD)活性同样也随生物油浓度的增加而升高,芦竹300℃、芦苇400℃生物油作用下POD活性先升后降,香蒲400℃作用下则呈波动上升趋势;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在这3种生物油作用下随培养时间的延长均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且生物油浓度越大,CAT活性越高.生物油引起抗氧化酶活性升高,导致藻细胞内产生氧化胁迫,可能是其抑制藻类的主要机制.     

多环芳烃对海洋硅藻中肋骨条藻的光毒性效应

许多生态毒理学研究尤其是对水生生物的毒性研究表明,阳光中的紫外辐射(UV)能够促进多环芳烃的生物毒性. 以长江口浮游植物群落中的常年主要优势种之一——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为实验材料,选择2个环的萘,3个环的菲和蒽,4个环的荧蒽和芘5种寡环多环芳烃,在实验室内比较了它们在没有UV辐射和有UV辐射下对中肋骨条藻的毒性效应. 结果表明:在没有UV照射下,萘、菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘对中肋骨条藻的72 h EC50值分别比有UV照射下时高约1.9,8.4,13.0,6.5和5.7倍,其中蒽相差的倍数最大.在没有UV照射情况下,5种多环芳烃对中肋骨条藻种群生长的抑制作用强度表现为荧蒽>芘>蒽>菲>萘;而当系统中加入UV照射后,毒性强度变为荧蒽≈蒽>芘>菲>萘,表明UV照射不仅能够促进多环芳烃对中肋骨条藻的毒性,也能够改变它们对中肋骨条藻的相对毒性.      

氮限制对三种赤潮藻生长以及种间竞争效应的影响

为了了解不同类别的赤潮藻类对氮(N)限制的响应,在实验室单独培养以及混合培养条件下,研究了N限制对3种典型赤潮微藻(中肋骨条藻、锥状斯氏藻和海洋卡盾藻)生长的影响.结果显示,N限制对3种赤潮藻类的生长均具有明显影响,其中中肋骨条藻对N限制较为敏感.混合培养体系中,藻细胞生长同时还受到种间竞争的明显抑制;而在3种藻混合培养条件下,种间竞争成为了藻细胞生长的决定性因素,锥状斯氏藻和海洋卡盾藻能对中肋骨条藻的生长能产生协同抑制作用.锥状斯氏藻是一种可形成孢囊的种类,N限制和种间竞争能促进其孢囊的提前形成,并且种间竞争能显著提高孢囊的形成率.     

UV-B辐射增强和蒽对3种赤潮微藻生长的相互作用

通过实验生态学的方法,研究了赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的生长对UV-B辐射增强和蒽处理的响应.结果表明:低剂量的UV-B辐射和低浓度的蒽处理对3种赤潮微藻的生长有刺激作用,而高剂量的UV-B辐射处理和高浓度的蒽处理对3种赤潮微藻的生长均显示出抑制作用.UV-B辐射对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为1.63、2.34和2.58 J/m2,蒽处理对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为0.078、0.119和0.112 mg/L.在刺激浓度的蒽处理的同时,添加刺激剂量的UV-B辐射条件下,3种赤潮微藻的生长同样表现出了抑制作用.     

A型和Y型分子筛在两段式热解过程中对WPCB热解油轻质化的影响

在500℃下,利用3种分子筛(4A、5A和Al_2O_3分子筛)对废弃印刷线路板(WPCBs)非金属粉末进行共催化热解试验.通过对热解三相产物产率的计算、热解油馏程分布、成分和碳数分布分析,研究不同分子筛对WPCBs热解过程中热解油轻质化效果的影响.结果表明,5A分子筛对WPCBs热解油轻质化效果最好,其中轻组分或汽油组分(馏出温度在0~200℃)含量最高,达到45%,而柴油组分(馏出温度在200~350℃)含量也达到了45%,成分主要以苯酚、异丙基苯酚和双酚A为主,选择性较好,热解油的碳数分布与汽油碳数分布相近,且热解油的含溴有机物(如2-溴苯酚)有一定的去除效果.Al_2O_3对热解油轻质化和脱溴的效果比5A分子筛稍差.而4A分子筛对热解油的轻质化效果和脱溴效果都较弱.综上所述,5A分子筛在热解油轻质化研究中具有良好的催化作用.     

3种海洋赤潮微藻蛋白质和核酸合成动态对芘胁迫的响应

应用同位素标志法,研究了赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻核酸和蛋白质合成动态对芘的响应变化.结果表明:(1)芘处理对3种藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为0.071、0.107和0.097 mg/L,3种海洋赤潮微藻对芘的敏感性依次是赤潮异弯藻、中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻.(2)低浓度的芘处理对3种藻的生长与DNA的合成表现出刺激作用,高浓度则表现出抑制作用.(3)芘处理抑制3种藻的RNA和蛋白质的合成.随着芘浓度的增大,3种海洋赤潮微藻RNA和蛋白质的合成速度下降,其中赤潮异弯藻合成速度的下降幅度明显大中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻,表明赤潮异弯藻RNA和蛋白质的合成对芘的敏感性高于中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻.     

Gemini1231双季铵盐选择性抑制赤潮生物生长的实验

以甲藻门的东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、裸甲藻,黄藻门的赤潮异弯藻,硅藻门的中肋骨条藻等典型赤潮生物以及绿藻门的青岛大扁藻和亚心形扁藻2种非赤潮生物为研究对象,探讨了Gemini1231双季铵盐类表面活性剂的抑藻活性.结果表明,该表面活性剂在较低浓度下(0.2～0.5 mg·L^-1时),对东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异湾藻等赤潮生物的生长表现出了明显的抑制作用.当该双季铵盐的浓度增至0.5 mg·L^-1以上时,对中肋骨条藻的生长也表现出了一定的抑制作用.而在相同浓度范围内,对裸甲藻和所选用的2种非赤潮生物生长的影响不明显,表现出了抑藻作用的选择性.对各海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成分析表明,该表面活性剂的选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成,尤其是其多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显相关.     

污泥与稻秆共热解对生物炭中碳氮固定的协同作用

为了研究共热解对生物炭中碳氮固定的协同效应,利用管式固定炉开展了不同热解温度(300~700℃)下的污泥与稻秆单独热解及其共热解(泥秆质量分别为1∶3、1∶1、3∶1)试验研究.结果发现,污泥和稻秆共热解并不是两种物料单独热解贡献的简单叠加.共热解对生物炭产率无协同效应,但对固定碳产率的协同性受共热解条件影响较大.在相同热解温度下,1∶3和3∶1泥秆比共热解生物炭中的碳和氮含量协同量化值均明显大于1∶1泥秆比下的协同量化值,碳和氮元素含量协同量化值分别在热解温度和泥秆比为(400℃、1∶3)与(400℃、3∶1)时达到最大值12.43%与40.65%.碳和氮固定率协同量化值随热解温度的升高而增加,最大分别为53.77%~56.13%和38.30%~39.12%,说明共热解可显著提高生物炭中碳和氮元素的固定水平.除3∶1泥秆比共热解生物炭中H/C原子比大于理论值,对降低生物炭的芳香度与饱和度具协同作用外,其他共热解条件下的H/C、(O+N)/C、O/C原子比均小于理论值,对提高生物炭的稳定性具明显的协同促进作用.污泥与稻秆在泥秆比1∶3、1∶1与3∶1下共热解,提高协同效应的方式分别为促进脱氧去氢反应、去氢反应与脱氧反应.该研究结果可为生物炭在碳氮封存减排中的应用提供新的工艺途径.     

抗生素菌渣催化热解特性的研究

为了将生物质转化为高品质的液体燃料,以青霉素菌渣为催化热解实验原料,在温度为400,500,600,700℃下进行热解实验,以生物质油产率最大化为目的,探究最佳热解温度。在此基础上,选用CoO/HZSM-5和NiO/HZSM-5作为催化剂,对青霉素菌渣进行催化热解实验,探究催化剂对生物油催化提质的作用。结果表明:不添加催化剂时,青霉素菌渣在500℃条件下热解所得的生物质油产率达到最高。在此温度条件下,添加催化剂CoO/HZSM-5和NiO/HZSM-5时,生物质油的产率相对降低,但催化热解后生物油中烃类物质含量分别增加8.66,7.41百分点,达到25.34%和24.09%;含氧类物质如醇类、酯类和醛类物质含量分别降低9.68,12.49百分点,为31.74%和30.34%;含氮杂环类物质含量分别降低5.96,12.49百分点,为32.51%和35.07%。天冬氨酸、组氨酸、谷氨酸和中间产物DKP的催化热解实验进一步解释了青霉素菌渣催化热解的机理。     

制备温度对竹炭基生物炭理化特征的影响

生物炭作为新型环境功能材料,在环境污染修复、土壤改良、温室气体减排、强化污水生物脱氮方面应用前景广阔。为探究不同制备温度对竹炭基生物炭理化特征的影响,以竹粉为原料在不同温度条件下制备生物炭,并对其得失电子能力（EEC）、表面官能团及元素组成等进行表征。结果表明:当热解温度从300℃升高到700℃的过程中,电子供给能力（EDC）总体呈先升高再降低的规律,其中300,400℃下热解得到的生物炭EDC最高,分别为0.33,0.35 mmol e-/g,具有更高的强化生物脱氮潜能;600℃下制备的生物炭EDC最低,为0.07 mmol e-/g。由元素含量计算所得的平均氧化度C_ox与EDC的结果相对应。随着制备温度的升高,热解所得生物炭的平均氧化度由负值变为正值,300,400℃下热解得到的生物炭的C_ox为负值,表明300,400℃条件下比500~700℃下所得生物炭还原性更强,氧化性更弱,即电子供给能力（EDC）更大,电子接收能力（EAC）更小。傅里叶红外光谱结果显示,300,400℃下热解所得生物炭羟基含量最高,与其EDC的结果相吻合。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.