尾矿代粘土在干法回转窑水泥生产中的应用研究

为获取尾矿在干法回转窑水泥生产应用的技术参数,在对尾矿和粘土特性进行分析的基础上,在2500t·d-1的新型干法回转窑生产线上进行了浙江诸暨铜尾矿替代粘土配料的应用试验研究.试验采用循序渐进的方法,诸暨铜尾矿按质量分数为1%、2%、3%、5%依次在生产原料中掺配,对试验熟料样品进行了化学成分分析和矿物组成X射线衍射(XRD)分析.试验结果表明,掺铜尾矿生产得到的熟料化学组成和游离氧化钙(f-CaO)含量正常,熟料烧成情况良好;与掺粘土熟料相比,掺铜尾矿熟料矿物组成结构有所调整,早强和高强矿物含量有所增加.熟料物性检测表明,掺铜尾矿生产得到的熟料的各项性能指标均满足技术要求,熟料各龄期强度指标与掺粘土熟料相比略有提高.掺铜尾矿配料与粘土配料主要生产运行指标统计分析表明,试验过程在干法回转窑生产运行稳定的情况下,掺铜尾矿配料较粘土配料,其熟料平均日产量提高10.07%,熟料标煤耗降低8.29%.     

金属尾矿作水泥混合材活性试验研究

选取烧失量低于10%,SO3含量低于3%,SiO2、Al2O3含量较高,适于作水泥混合材的6种金属尾矿进行水泥混合材活性试验研究.6种金属尾矿分别按10%、15%、20%、25%、30%与熟料、石膏进行配比.试验结果表明:6种金属尾矿不同掺配比活性试验的R28在68.72%～76.54%之间,高于活性混合材R28为62%的判定指标,由此可认为此6种尾矿均属于活性混合材,可单独用作水泥活性混合材;6种金属尾矿掺配比在小于30%的范围内,水泥安定性、凝结时间等性能指标均符合普通硅酸盐水泥要求;6种金属尾矿掺配比在小于30%的范围内其强度均满足32.5R等级水泥强度要求;尾矿掺配比为10%时,6种金属尾矿除3号尾矿外,均满足42.5R等级水泥强度要求.符合要求的金属尾矿用作水泥混合材,将扩大水泥混合材来源,降低水泥粉磨能耗和成本,实现尾矿的资源化和水泥工业的可持续发展.     

铁尾矿地砖的制备及其机理分析

简要介绍了唐山地区铁矿尾矿制备铁尾矿砖的试验研究，并设计制备铁尾矿砖生产工艺流程和最佳配比。研究结果表明，以铁尾矿为主要材料，通过掺加适量的水泥、粉煤灰、粗骨料和一定的外加剂，经常温常压养护28天后，抗压强度可达到28．30MPa，抗折强度为5．63MPa，同时长期性能研究也表明可以制备出合格的铁尾矿地砖。为铁尾矿大量资源化利用辊供了一条新的徐径．同时还对铁尾砖的微观机理作了初步研究。     

镁渣配料煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料的研究

研究了镁渣矿物组成和镁渣配料煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料的反应动力在数和物理性能。结果表明：镁渣的主要矿物组成为γ－Ｃ２Ｓ、β－Ｃ２Ｓ、ＭｇＯ、ＣＦ、Ｃ２Ｆ、ＦｅＯ、ＣａＦ２等，并且镁渣可降低熟料形成反应表观活化能，加速熟料矿物的形成，提高熟料的强度。     

利用工业废渣配料 生产硅酸盐水泥熟料

利用工业废渣配料生产硅酸盐水泥熟料淅川县水泥厂石风霞，王文勤一、前言浙川县水泥厂是一个年产４．４万吨水泥的生产厂，全厂职工４２５人，近几年来，立窑水泥生产一直采用复合矿化剂工艺配料，生产普通硅酸盐水泥和矿渣硅酸盐水泥，水泥质量稳定，受到广大用户的欢迎...     

重金属污染土烧制水泥的模拟实验

采集湖南株洲某冶炼厂周边的土壤进行水泥烧制实验,结果表明:土壤中的重金属含量较高,其化学组成与普通黏土类似,可以代替水泥窑硅质原料。素土在100~900℃持续加热60 min后,挥发高峰为300℃以上,且随着温度的升高,重金属在残渣中的含量逐步减少,可以直接进入配料系统。添加污染土后烧制的水泥熟料,其抗压强度和抗折强度符合普通硅酸盐水泥熟料的要求。添加污染土后,水泥熟料中的f-Ca O含量降低,说明添加重金属含量较高的污染土有助于熟料烧成。     

尾矿微粉用作建筑材料的性能研究

主要对尾矿微粉作为水泥活性混合材及混凝土掺和料进行可行性试验。尾矿微粉经过特殊工艺处理深度加工而成。根据试验结果,与粉煤灰相比,普通尾矿粉、特制尾矿微粉作为水泥混合材及混凝土掺合料,其性能优于粉煤灰,尤其是特制尾矿微粉性能更优,为尾矿用作建筑材料提供可行性依据,真正实现了提高尾矿综合利用的目标。     

尾矿添加量对加气混凝土性能的影响

通过实验,以金尾矿、石膏、水泥、石灰、铝粉等为原料,研究金尾矿添加量对加气混凝土性能的影响。分析认为,不同的配合比,不仅关系到产品的经济效益,还会对产品的性能有显著影响。实验得出能提高尾矿利用率的最优尾矿添加量为64.8%,最佳配比为:金尾矿64.8%、石灰16.2%、水泥14.2%、石膏4.7%、铝粉0.1%。     

利用攀钢氯化残渣生产低熟料水泥

较系统地研究了氯化残渣、矿渣、熟料、激发剂等掺量对低熟料水泥强度的影响；找出了利用氯化残渣生产低熟料水泥的最佳条件；并对低熟料水泥性能进行了初步探索。试验表明，利用氯化残渣可生产４２５＾＊低熟料水泥，工业废渣的利用率可达７０％。     

铁尾矿在水泥基材料中的再利用研究进展

铁尾矿堆存量大、利用率低,是世界上主要的尾矿固体废弃物之一,如何提高铁尾矿资源的综合利用率,是各国学者研究和改善生态环境的重点方向。文章综述了铁尾矿在混凝土、轻质墙体材料、砂浆、水泥原料等水泥基材料的研究进展,并对目前存在的问题和今后的研究利用方向提出了建议。     

Life on the Edge: Vulnerability and Adaptation of African Ecosystems to Global Climate Change

Donor countriesare providing financial and technicalsupport for global climate change countrystudies to help African nations meet theirreporting needs under the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC). Technical assistance to completevulnerability and adaptation assessmentsincludes training of analysts, sharing ofcontemporary tools (e.g. simulationmodels), data and assessment techniques,information-sharing workshops and aninternational exchange programme foranalysts. This chapter summarizes 14African country studies (Botswana, Côted'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Gambia,Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, SouthAfrica, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia andZimbabwe) assessing vulnerabilities toglobal climate change and identifyingadaptation options. The analysis revealedthat the participating African countriesare vulnerable to global climate change inmore than one of the followingsocio-economic sectors: coastal resources,agriculture, grasslands and livestock,water resources, forests, wildlife, andhuman health. This vulnerability isexacerbated by widespread poverty,recurrent droughts, inequitable landdistribution, environmental degradation,natural resource mismanagement anddependence on rain-fed agriculture. Arange of practical adaptation options wereidentified in key socio-economic sectors ofthe African nations analysed. However,underdeveloped human and institutionalcapacity, as well as the absence ofadequate infrastructure, renders manytraditional coping strategies (rooted inpolitical and economic stability)ineffective or insufficient. FutureAfrican country studies should be moreclosely coordinated with development ofnational climate change action plans     

松花江沉积物金属元素含量、污染及地球化学特征

研究了松花江沉积物常量和微量金属元素地球化学行为.从松花江采集39个沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sc、V、Mn、Ti、AI、Fe、Mg、Ca、Na、K的总量,目的是阐明松花江吉林市至哈尔滨市河段沉积物金属元素含量和分布特征,考察元素之间的地球化学关系,探讨微量金属污染物区域基线用于定量分析沉积物微量金属元素的污染.松花江沉积物中有毒微量金属的浓度如:As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、V分别为2.7～11.5、0.05-1.38、4.8～14.7、15.9-78.9、2.4-75.4、0.01-1.27、21.8-403.1、6.2-35.8、12.6-124.4、22.1-108.0 mg/kg.由于人为干扰(污染).沉积物中Cd、Cu、Hg、Zn、Pb的时空分异高于常量元素.而且这些金属元素与其赋存矿物元素.如Fe、Mg、Sc之间的相关性降低了.本研究建立了沉积物中常见污染污染物As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、V的环境基线浓度,为定量估算松花江沉积物污染提供了理论依据.松花江沉积物中微量金属污染程度低于珠江和长江,与黄河近似.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation with low cell current(≤1A)and soluble electrodes(mild steel electrodes and aluminum electrodes)was studied.Compared with aluminum electrodes,mild steel electrodes were more effective for the removal of sulfide,with a removal efficiency of over 90%.But during the treatment process,black color precipitate typical to iron(Ⅱ)sulfides was produced.While aluminum electrodes were effective to eliminate the colority of the effluent,the removal efficiency of sulfide was lower than 12%.The mechanisms of the removal of chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total organic carbon,sulfide and colority with the two soluble electrodes(mild steel and aluminum electrodes)were discussed in detail.In order to exert the predominance of diffenent types of electrodes,the tannery wastewater was treated using mild steel electrodes first followed by the filter and finally by the aluminum electrodes,the elimination rates of chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total organic carbon,sulfide and colority were 68.0%,43.1%,55.1%,96.7% and 84.3%,respectively,with the initial concentrations 2413.1 mg/L,223.4 mg/L,1000.4 mg/L,112.3 mg/L and 256 dilution times,respectively.The absorbance spectra and energy consumption during electrocoagulation process were also discussed.     

Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions

In this study, the surface chemical functional groups of Bacillus cereus biomass were identified by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analytical technique. It had been shown that the B. cereus cells mainly contained carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino and amide functional groups. The potentiometric titration was conducted to explain the surface acid-base properties of aqueous B. cereus biomass. The computer program FITEQL 4.0 was used to perform the model calculations. The optimization results indicated that three sitesthree pKas model, which assumed the cell surface to have three distinct types of surface organic functional groups based on the IR analysis results, simulated the experimental results very well. Moreover, batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate biosorption behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions onto the biomass. Obviously, the adsorption equilibrium data for the two ions were reasonably described by typical Langmuir isotherm.     

Insect mandibles—comparative mechanical properties and links with metal incorporation

A number of arthropod taxa contain metals in their mandibles (jaws), such as zinc, manganese, iron, and calcium. The occurrence of zinc and its co-located halogen chlorine have been studied in relation to the mechanical properties and shown to be linked in a direct fashion with increasing concentration. Hardness along with elastic modulus (stiffness) has also been linked to zinc and halogen concentration in some marine polychaete worms. The metal appears to be incorporated within the biological matrix, possibly bonding with proteins. However, the comparative advantage of metal inclusion has not been tested. It is possible that without metals, alternative mechanisms are used to achieve hardness of equal value in similar 'tools' such as mandibles. This question has direct bearing on the significance of metal hardening. In the present article, we compare across mandibles from six termite species, including samples with major zinc concentration, minor manganese, and no metals. Nanoindentation, electron microscopy, and electron microanalysis are used to assess metal concentration, form, and mechanical properties. The data demonstrate that termite mandibles lacking metals when fully developed have lower values for hardness and elastic modulus. Zinc is linked to a relative 20% increase in hardness when compared with mandibles devoid of metals. The similar transition metal, manganese, found in minor concentrations, is not linked to any significant increase in these mechanical properties. This raises the question of the function of manganese, which is as commonly found in insect mandibles as zinc and often located in the same mandibles.     

Determination of alcohol compounds using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry （IMS） is a very fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive technique, it permits efficient monitoring of volatile organic compounds like alcohols. In this article, positive ion mobility spectra for six alcohol organic compounds have been systematically studied for the first time using a high-resolution IMS apparatus equipped with a discharge ionization source. Utilizing protonated water cluster ions （H2O）nH^＋ as the reactant ions and clean air as the drift gas, alcohol organic compounds, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-octanol, all exhibit product ion characteristic peaks in their respective ion mobility spectrometry, that is a result of proton transfer reactions between the alcohols and reaction ions （H2O）nH^＋. The mixture of these alcohols, including two isomers, has been detected, and the results showed that they could be distinguished effectively in the ion mobility spectrum. The reduced mobility values have been determined, which are in very well agreement with the traditional ^63Ni-IMS experimental values. The exponential dilution method was used to calibrate the alcohol concentrations, and a detection limit available for the alcohols is in order of magnitude of a few ng/L.     

厦门西港近岸沉积物重金属污染历史及源解析

分析厦门西港潮间带柱状沉积物中14种重金属元素(Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb、Fe和Hg)的垂向分布特征、污染历史和污染来源.结果表明, 1795年之前,多数重金属元素含量变化趋势较平稳;1795~1849年间,Sc、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Sr、Cd、Tl、Pb和Hg含量有明显增加;2001~2011年间,Sc、Cr、Co、Sr、Tl、Pb和Hg含量又有增加趋势.多元统计分析结果表明,沉积柱中重金属元素主要有3大来源:交通和工业活动、自然源、工业和生活污水排放,贡献率分别是72.87%、12.20%和10.99%.柱状沉积物中铅同位素示踪分析表明,铅同位素组成从底层至表层由工业活动及污水排放逐步向机动车尾气排放漂移,厦门西港近岸海域中铅污染主要受交通和工业活动、工业和生活污水排放的影响.     

荒地的概念、分类及其生态功能解析

随着我国对生态环境保护日益重视,荒地作为生态用地的一种重要类型,其保护与开发已成为重要的研究课题。论文在梳理国内外荒地概念、厘清荒地与相关概念的关系以及系统分析中国、美国、印度土地分类的基础上,重新定义了我国荒地的概念,并针对我国国情将荒地划分为三种类型：荒野地、未利用地和废弃地。论文还首次提出荒地具有防风固沙、保育土壤、固碳释氧、涵养水源、保育生物多样性等多种生态功能的理念,这对我国荒地以及生态用地的开发与保护有重要意义。最后提出建议在我国现行土地分类体系中直接增列一类“生态用地”,包括林地、草地、荒地、水域、滩涂等;在未来开发与保护荒地过程中,从观念上重视荒地的价值,建立荒地产权制度,编制自然资源资产负债表,加强对荒地的分类保护与开发。     

Anaerobic biodegradation of benzene series compounds by mixed cultures based on optional electronic acceptors

A series of batch experiments were performed using mixed bacterial consortia to investigate biodegradation performance of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and three xylene isomers （BTEX） under nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reducing conditions. The results showed that toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene and o-xylene could be degraded independently by the mixed cultures coupled to nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reduction. Under ferric iron reducing conditions the biodegradation of benzene and p-xylene could be occurred only in the presence of other alkylbenzenes. Alkylbenzenes can serve as the primary subs＇rates to stimulate the transformation of benzene and p-xylene under anaerobic conditions. Benzene and p-xylene are more toxic than toluene and ethylbenzene, under the three terminal electron acceptors conditions, the degradation rates decreased with toluene 〉 ethylbenzene 〉 m-xylene 〉 o-xylene〉 benzene 〉 p- xylene. Nitrate was a more favorable electron acceptor compared to sulfate and ferric iron. The ratio between sulfate consumed and the loss of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene was 4.44, 4.51, 4.42, 4.32, 4.37 and 4.23, respectively; the ratio between nitrate consumed and the loss of these substrates was 7.53, 6.24, 6.49, 7.28, 7.81, 7.61, respectively; the ratio between the consumption of ferric iron and the loss of toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene was 17.99, 18.04, 18.07, 17.97, respectively.