6种挥发性有机物在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能

利用振荡摇瓶法测定了6种典型挥发性有机物,甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、苯和氯苯在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能.结果表明,在本研究的液相浓度范围内(甲苯＜174mg/L,邻二甲苯＜149mg/L,间二甲苯＜129mg/L,对二甲苯＜133mg/L,苯＜234mg/L,氯苯＜146mg/L),3种二甲苯、苯和氯苯的降解速率随其初始浓度的增大而增加,符合一级反应,这5种VOCs未对微生物产生明显的抑制或毒害作用;甲苯的液相浓度大于85mg/L时,其降解速率不随初始浓度的增大而改变,其降解规律符合Monod方程.     

苯系化合物在硝酸盐还原条件下的生物降解性能

运用驯化的反硝化混合菌群进行了苯系化合物(BTEX)的厌氧降解试验.结果表明,混合菌群能够在反硝化条件下有效降解苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯.BTEX的降解规律符合底物抑制的Monod模型,当初始浓度小于50mg·L^-1时,6种受试基质的厌氧降解速率顺序为:甲苯>乙苯>间二甲苯>邻二甲苯>对二甲苯>苯.整个试验过程中NO₃^-的消耗与苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯及对二甲苯生物降解之间的摩尔比分别为:9.47,9.26,1     

石化污泥对苯系化合物好氧生物降解的研究

为了探讨苯系化合物的生物降解途径,选用从石油化工污水处理场曝气池活性污泥中富集的混合菌种,在好氧条件下,研究了苯,甲苯,乙基苯,邻－,间－和对二甲苯的可生物降解性,当化合物的浓度为５０－１４０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,６种被试验化合物均可被微生物降解,从该混合菌种中筛选出１７株可降解甲苯,乙基苯,三甲苯,障－和对二甲苯的单一菌种,其中     

Anaerobic BTEX degradation in soil bioaugmented with mixed consortia under nitrate reducing conditions

Different concentrations of BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers, were added into soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential by the augmented BTEX-adapted consortia under niwate reducing conditiom. All the BTEX substrates could be anaerobically biodegraded to non-detectable levels within 70 d when the initial concentrations were below 100 mg/kg in soil. Toluene was degraded faster than any other BTEX compounds, and the high-to-low order ofdegradation rates were toluene>ethylbenzene>m. xylene>o-xylene>benzene>P. xylene. Nitrite was accumulated with nitrate reduction. but the accumulation of nitrite had no inhibitory effect on the degradation of BTEX throughout the whole incubation. Indigenous bacteria in tIle soil could enhance the BTEX biodegradation ability of the enriched mixed bacteria. When the six BTEX compounds were simultaneously present in soil, there was no apparent inhibitory effect on their degradation with lower initial concentrations. Alternatively, benzene, o-xylene, and P-xylene degradation were inhibited with higher initial concentrations of 300 mg/kg. Higher BTEX biodegradation rates were observed in soil samples with the addition of sodium acetate compared to the presence of a single BTEX substrate. and the hypothesis of primary-substrate stimulation or cometabolic enhancement of BTEX biodegradation seems likely.     

反硝化苯降解的微环境研究

以稻田土,田边土和活性污泥为接种物,进行微环境试验,评价苯在厌氧反硝化条件下的可生物降解性。结果表明:苯和甲苯均发生了生物降解,甲苯的存在促进苯的降解,生物降解的同时发生硝酸盐还原,苯与硝酸根的消耗量之比为1∶2￣1∶3(质量比)。适宜的微生物种群是降解的关键条件。     

反硝化条件下微生物降解地下水中的苯和甲苯

利用实验室含水层物质微环境实验,对地下水中常见有机污染物苯和甲苯在厌氧反硝化条件下的微生物降解进行了研究．通过10种方案实验结果的分析对比表明,在强化反硝化条件下,微生物利用NO₃^-作为电子受体降解苯和甲苯;降解苯和甲苯的反硝化细菌来自于含水层物质;微生物所需要的宏量营养由苯、甲苯和硝酸盐提供,而微生物所需要的其他痕量元素来自于含水层物质;环境的酸碱条件对微生物降解具有重要影响pH值过高（pH＞10）或过低（pH＜4）均抑制微生物降解过程的进行这些结论对研究地下水有机污染及其生物治理具有一定的理论和实际指导意义     

天津市西南部苯系物浓度季节及空间变化特征

采用预冷冻浓缩系统和气相色谱/质谱联用仪,对天津市西南部BTEX（苯系物）浓度（以ρ计）进行了网格布点观测. 结果表明:ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)、ρ(间/对二甲苯)和ρ(邻二甲苯)的年均值分别为8.54、20.49、6.41、13.44和3.68 μg/m3,其中ρ(苯)和ρ(甲苯)均低于欧洲标准限值. 各BTEX浓度季节变化明显,与当地大气稳定度、光化学反应以及即时气象条件等因素密切相关. 利用各BTEX浓度的相关性,分析了不同类型采样点BTEX的来源,并证明工业企业和居民住宅附近存在非同源性苯和甲苯排放源. B/T〔ρ(苯)与ρ(甲苯)之比〕年均值为0.49,接近我国机动车尾气排放特点,但B/T值呈现出的季节变化特点可能与天津市供暖期燃煤排放有一定的关联.      

2012年夏季天津城区BTEX污染特征与臭氧潜势分析

采用AMA GC5000BTX在线色谱仪监测天津城区2012年夏季大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯和间-对二甲苯(苯系物,BTEX)的浓度,并结合其最大增量活性因子(MIR)计算各组分的最大臭氧生成潜势量.结果表明,观测期间BTEX浓度均值为38.72μg/m3,其中甲苯和间-对二甲苯浓度最高,乙苯和苯次之,邻二甲苯最低, BTEX存在明显的日变化特征,受大气光化学反应和边界层扩散能力共同影响,午后浓度最低,夜间BTEX浓度维持在较高水平,各BTEX日变化趋势一致.苯与甲苯质量浓度的比值为0.77,表明机动车排放是BTEX的主要来源,但石油化工和涂料挥发等因素也对其存在影响.经计算,间-对二甲苯的最大臭氧生成潜势量最高,甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯相当,苯最低, 表明BTEX中间-对二甲苯的光化学反应活性最强.     

苯系化合物好氧降解菌的驯化和筛选

为了筛选降解苯系化合物的优势菌种,选用城市污水处理场和石化废水处理的活性污泥作为菌源,分别以甲苯,乙苯,邻二甲苯,间二甲苯,对二甲本,１,３,５－三甲苯作为底物,在好氧条件下,驯化,筛选和分离出了能以上述６种化合物作为生长的唯一碳源和能源的微生物２５株,并对其进行了初步的鉴定,这些菌株的好氧生物降解研究结果表明,它们对苯系化合物具有良好生物降解能力。     

真菌Trichoderma viride Pers.ex Fr降解三苯废气性能实验

利用固相静态试验考察前期实验驯化出的真菌Trichoderma viride Pers.ex Fr对苯、甲苯、二甲苯的好氧生物降解性能。结果表明,在本研究的气相浓度范围内(苯47.25~1677.47g/m3,甲苯64.70~1258.50g/m3、二甲苯20.59~1707.85g/m3),3种气体的降解速率随其初始浓度的增大而增加,降解规律苯、甲苯符合Monod方程,二甲苯符合一级反应。     

被动式采样器在大区域大气VOC监测中的应用

应用VOC被动式采样器监测了地中海东部塞浦路斯岛大气中挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOC)的浓度。通过岛上设置的80个VOC采样点对苯,甲苯,对、邻、间二甲苯(Benzene、Toluene、o-xylene、m,p-xylene,BTX)数次采样及分析结果表明,其被动采样器中BTX回收率>95%,BTX平行实验的相对标准偏差<6.28%,采样和分析方法准确。得到的污染物分布图较准确地反映了塞浦路斯岛实际污染情况。     

不同来源菌种对苯系化合物生物降解性的比较

研究了从城市污水处理场和石油化工废水处理场曝气池活性污泥中富集的混合菌种对苯,甲苯,乙基苯,邻二甲苯,间二甲苯和对二甲苯６种化合物的生物降解性。在相同的生物试验条件下,比较了２类不同来源菌种对被试验化合物代谢过程在耐受化合物浓度,降解启动工作服     

沥青路面铺设VOCs排放特征及风险评估

为探究沥青路面铺设VOCs的排放特征、气味效应及毒性作用,分别对沥青路面不同铺设阶段排放的VOCs进行监测.结果显示,沥青路面铺设排放的VOCs组成以烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃为主,检出的65种VOCs浓度范围为46.69~2179 μg/m³,按照铺路流程依次降低,为路面摊铺>路面压实>路面冷却>路面常温服役,其特征VOCs为十一烷、正戊烷、丙烯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙酸正丁酯;芳香烃是影响沥青路面铺设臭气指数的主要污染物;沥青路面铺设VOCs致癌风险指数范围为1.89×10^-6~5.35×10^-5,主要贡献物为苯、乙苯2种致癌组分,存在较大的潜在致癌风险.     

BTEX在乙醇汽油和传统汽油污染地下水中的衰减行为对比

地下燃油储藏罐泄漏造成苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（BTEX）影响生态环境和公众健康的问题一直备受关注,随着乙醇汽油的推广使用,乙醇对BTEX修复策略的影响成为需要重视的新问题.为揭示乙醇汽油污染地下水中BTEX的衰减行为,本文通过室内两个独立砂槽投注实验和近3年的监测,对比了乙醇汽油和传统汽油中BTEX自然衰减和基于硫酸盐-硝酸盐补充的增强生物修复行为.结果表明,传统汽油BTEX自然衰减较快,乙醇汽油BTEX自然衰减较慢,一级衰减速率常数分别为0.0055~0.0329 d^-1和0.0045~0.0124 d^-1;苯衰减最快,其次为甲苯.补充硫酸盐和硝酸盐能促进生物修复,单独补充硫酸盐时其利用率为89.7%~92.9%,同时补充硝酸盐时硫酸盐利用被抑制,硝酸盐利用率为79.9%~87.2%.水位波动会促进BTEX溶解和迁移,增大质量通量.乙醇汽油不仅能消耗更多电子受体,使得BTEX衰减被抑制,而且可能会扩大水位波动引起的增溶效应.     

Degradation of dichloromethane by an isolated strain Pandoraea pnomenusa and its performance in a biotrickling filter

A strain Pandoraea pnomenusa LX-1 that uses dichloromethane(DCM) as sole carbon and energy source has been isolated and identified in our laboratory. The optimum aerobic biodegradation of DCM in batch culture was evaluated by response surface methodology. Maximum biodegradation(5.35 mg/(L·hr)) was achieved under cultivation at 32.8°C, pH 7.3, and 0.66% NaCl. The growth and biodegradation processes were well fitted by Haldane's kinetic model, yielding maximum specific growth and degradation rates of 0.133 hr-1and 0.856 hr-1, respectively. The microorganism efficiently degraded a mixture of DCM and coexisting components(benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene). The carbon recovery(52.80%–94.59%) indicated that the targets were predominantly mineralized and incorporated into cell materials. Electron acceptors increased the DCM biodegradation rate in the following order: mixed oxygen iron sulfate nitrate. The highest dechlorination rate was 0.365 mg Cl-/(hr·mg biomass), obtained in the presence of mixed electron acceptors. Removal was achieved in a continuous biotrickling filter at 56%–85% efficiency, with a mineralization rate of 75.2%. Molecular biology techniques revealed the predominant strain as P. pnomenusa LX-1. These results clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of strain LX-1 in treating DCM-containing industrial effluents. As such, the strain is a strong candidate for remediation of DCM coexisting with other organic compounds.     

MoS2/g-C3N4纳米纤维光催化降解柴油机苯系排放污染物

采用同轴静电纺丝法制备了MoS_2/g-C_3N_4纳米纤维,采用XRD、FTIR、XPS、UV-Vis和Raman等光谱分析技术表征了催化剂相组成和微观形貌,评价了催化剂表面化学形态和吸光特性,探讨了催化剂对甲苯的光催化降解机理,研究了MoS_2含量、光源条件、温度和催化稳定性对降解甲苯的影响规律.结果表明,在MoS_2/g-C_3N_4中掺杂适宜的MoS_2有助于提高催化剂活性,改善催化剂比表面积和孔容积.在可见光条件下,催化剂(10%MoS_2)对甲苯的降解率为90.24%.由汽车尾气中苯系污染物光催化降解应用可知,在柴油机转速为2000 r·min~(-1),油门开度(负荷)分别为25%、50%、75%和100%的条件下,10%MoS_2对苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯的平均降解率分别为88.12%、90.03%、86.25%、87.12%、87.07%和87.23%,表明MoS_2/g-C_3N_4纳米纤维具有较强的光催化降解苯系物能力.     

Anaerobic benzene biodegradation by a pure bacterial culture of Bacillus cereus under nitrate reducing conditions

A pure culture using benzene as sole carbon and energy sources was isolated by screening procedure from gasoline contaminated soil. The analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence, morphological and physiological characteristics showed that the isolated strain was a member of genus Bacillus cereus. The biodegradation performance of benzene by B. cereus was evaluated, and the results showed that benzene could be e ciently biodegraded when the initial benzene concentration was below 150 mg/L. The metabolites of anaerobic nitrate-dependent benzene oxidation by strain B. cereus were identified as phenol and benzoate. The results of substrate interaction between binary combinations for benzene, phenol and benzoate showed that the simultaneous presence of benzene stimulated the degradation of benzoate, whereas the addition of benzene inhibited the degradation of phenol. Benzene degradation by B. cereus was enhanced by the addition of phenol and benzoate, the enhanced e ects were more pronounced at higher concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the isolated bacterial culture of B. cereus can e ciently degraded benzene under nitrate reducing conditions.     

碱性缺氧环境下地下水中苯和甲苯的生物降解

在缺氧环境下,不额外加入电子受体和营养盐,从长期受原油污染的包气带介质中分离、培养驯化得到了降解苯或甲苯的3种优势菌群:B-bacteria、T-bacteria和M-bacteria,采用批试验方法研究了高pH环境下3种菌群降解苯和甲苯的速率。结果表明:苯和甲苯的降解符合零级反应动力学,速率常数在0.22～0.68 mg/(L.d)。初始pH从8.7升高到9.6和10.6时,B-bacteria降解苯的速率降低都在10%以内;T-bacteria降解甲苯的速率降低率从pH9.6时的16.22%剧增到pH10.6时的41.23%;而M-bacteria降解苯和甲苯的速率降低从pH9.6时的30%左右增到pH10.6时的45%左右。高pH环境下微生物仍能完全降解苯和甲苯。故设计化学-生物连续反应格栅治理该类污染羽时,在两个单元中间可不构筑pH调节缓冲单元。     

Control of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation

In the first phase of this study, the e ectiveness of intrinsic bioremediation on the containment of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated at a gasoline spill site. Evidences of the occurrence of intrinsic bioremediation within the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) plume included (1) decreased BTEX concentrations; (2) depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate; (3) production of dissolved ferrous iron, methane, and CO2; (4) deceased pH and redox potential; and (5) increased methanogens, total heterotrophs, and total anaerobes, especially within the highly contaminated areas. In the second phase of this study, enhanced aerobic bioremediation process was applied at site to enhance the BTEX decay rates. Air was injected into the subsurface near the mid-plume area to biostimulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for BTEX biodegradation. Field results showed that enhanced bioremediation process caused the change of BTEX removal mechanisms from anaerobic biodegradation inside the plume to aerobic biodegradation. This variation could be confirmed by the following field observations inside the plume due to the enhanced aerobic bioremediation process: (1) increased in DO, CO2, redox potential, nitrate, and sulfate, (2) decreased in dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane, (3) increased total heterotrophs and decreased total anaerobes. Field results also showed that the percentage of total BTEX removal increased from 92% to 99%, and the calculated total BTEX first-order natural attenuation rates increased from 0.0092% to 0.0188% per day, respectively, after the application of enhanced bioremediation system from the spill area to the downgradient area (located approximately 300 m from the source area).     

Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China

The atmospheric concentrations of carbonyls and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene) were measured simultaneously at a same sampling site in Beijing from September 2008 to August 2010. The average concentrations of the total measured carbonyls during autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 37.7, 31.3, 39.7, 50.5 μg/m³, respectively, and maximal values for their diurnal variations usually happened at noontime. In contrast to carbonyls, the average concentrations of the total measured BTEX during the four seasons were 27.2, 31.9, 23.2, 19.1 μg/m³, respectively, and minimal values for their diurnal variations always occurred in the early afternoon. The average concentration for carbonyls increased about 24% from September 2008-August 2009 to September 2009-August 2010, for BTEX, increased about 15%. Integrated life time cancer risks for three carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Beijing exceeded the value of 1E-06, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of non-cancer risk of exposure to formaldehyde exceeded unity.