铝盐沉淀法去除酸性矿井水中SO4^2—的试验研究

在投加铝盐条件下，钙、铝和硫酸根结合成复合物沉淀，使煤矿酸性矿井水中ＳＯ４＾２－得以去除。实验结果表明，本方法处理后出水ＳＯ４＾２－含量低于３００ｍｇ／ｌ；影响ＳＯ４＾２－去除率因素有：ｐＨ值、外加铝盐浓度及原水ＳＯ４＾２－的含量；最佳操作参数为：ｐＨ＝１０．５￣１２．０，ＳＯ４＾２－／Ａｌ＾３＋摩尔比为１．７。     

我国部分城市降水中离子浓度与pH值的关系研究

为了对酸雨的危害进行有效地控制，有必要研究降水中某些离子的浓度与降水ｐＨ值的关系．应用投影寻踪回归新技术，建立了以某些离子作因子的我国部分城市降水ｐＨ值的投影寻踪预测模型，并计算了各离子对降水ｐＨ值的权重贡献率．结果表明这些城市降水ｐＨ值不但受酸性离子［ＳＯ４２－］和［ＮＯ３－］的影响，而且也强烈地受碱性离子［Ｃａ２＋］和［ＮＨ４＋］的影响．     

Cu—T（4—MOP）PS4光度法间接测定水中可溶性硫化物

利用Ｃｕ＾２＋与水中的Ｓ＾２－形成难溶的ＣｕＳ，剩余Ｃｕ＾２＋的含量用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４光度法测定，间接求得Ｓ＾２－的含量。研究了沉淀和显色的最佳条件。在ｐＨ８．５左右，形成难溶的ＣｕＳ，过量的铜在ｐＨ４．０用（Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４显色，然后用稀ＨＣｌ酸化至ｐＨ２．３左右测定，以提高方法的选择性，并探讨了共存离子的干扰情况。     

黄海西部大气湿沉降(降水)的离子平衡及离子组成研究

对黄海西部的千里岩、青岛的麦岛两个降水采样点１９９７、１９９８两年收集的１１３个降水样品进行了分析,测定了Ｈ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｆ＾－、Ｃ１＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－共１０种离子成分的含量。计算了阴离子和阳离子的浓度总量,考察了∑－／∑＋值,对所８测１０种离子的含量顺序进行了探讨。结果表明：１１０个样品离子平衡（∑－／∑＋在０．７５～１．２５之间）,３个     

青岛市酸雨污染的状况及发展趋势

本文研究青岛市酸雨污染的状况及其发展趋势。研究结果表明，近年来青岛市酸雨污染相当严重，并有逐年加重的趋势。近年来，青岛市降水酸度ｐＨ峰值的平均值为３．４８，降水酸度ｐＨ的平均值为４．４７，酸雨的频率大于６３％。研究还表明，ＳＯ４＾２－和ＮＯ３＾－是降水的主要污染物，其浓度平均值为１９４μｅｑ／ｌ；而ＳＯ４＾２－是降水的最主要的污染物，平均浓度为１８１μｅｑ／ｌ。青岛市酸雨污染属于硫酸型污染。预测表     

pH值对P—204萃取分离Zn^2＋,Cu^2＋的影响试验

考察了ｐＨ值对萃取剂Ｐ－２０２４在Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋Ｎｉ＾２＋等金属离子共存的Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液中萃取分离Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋的影响，从而得出了在有共苯金属离子干扰的情况下，萃取分离Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋的最佳ｐＨ范围。     

pH值对石灰(石灰石)湿法脱硫反应机理的影响

为了探讨ｐＨ值对石灰石湿法脱硫反应机理的影响,进行了用亚硫酸钙沉淀与水的混合液吸收ＳＯ２的实验,研究表明,溶液中离子化合物的型态与体系的ｐＨ值密切相关。体系ｐＨ值小于７时,硫阴离子主要以ＨＳＯ＾－３型态存在,脱硫反应以生成Ｃａ（ＨＳＯ３）２为主;体系ｐＨ值大于７时,硫阴离子主要以ＳＯ＾－２３型态存在,脱硫反应以生成ＣａＳＯ３．１／２Ｈ２Ｏ或ＣａＳＯ４．２Ｈ２Ｏ为主。     

硫酸盐在厌氧生物过程中的行为 Ⅱ.硫酸盐还原行为及对体系抑制作用机理

采用半连续实验方法，研究了中温厌氧条件了硫酸盐的还原行为及产生抑制作用的机理。实验结果表明，ＳＯ４＾２－在厌氧体系中被硫酸盐还原菌全部或部分还原为硫化物，其还原率与ＳＯ４＾２－累积加入浓度有关，还原产物的形态与体系中ｐＨ值有关，较高的ｐＨ值（７．６－８．４）使体系中Ｈ３Ｓ含量下降。ＳＯ４＾２－对厌氧体系的抑制与ＳＯ４＾２－还原过程中ＳＲＢ与产甲烷菌的底物竞争及还原产物的毒性相关。前者受ＣＯＤ／ＳＯ     

黄海西部大气湿沉降(降水)的pH与主要酸碱离子的关系

对黄海西部的千里岩、青岛的麦岛两个降消要样点１９９７、１９９８丙年所收集的１１３个降 Ｈ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｆ＾－、Ｃｌ＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－共１０种离子成分的含量，分别用ＮＡ＾＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋＋ＮＨ４＾＋）／（ＮＯ３＋ｎｓａＳＯ４＾２－、ｃｍｓｓＳＯ４＾２－（ｎｓｓＳＯ４＾２－）的相关分析。结果表明：（１）以Ｍｇ＾２＋作为参考元素计算得到     

空气中硫化物的间接光度法测定

基于Ｐｂ＾２＋与Ｓ＾２－形成难溶的Ｐｂｓ，过量的Ｐｂ＾２＋用四（４－甲基－３－磺酸苯基）卟啉［Ｔ（４－Ｍｐ）Ｐｓ４］光度法测定的原理，采用［Ｐｂ－Ｔ（４－Ｍｐ）Ｐｓ４］光度法间接测定空气中的硫化物。讨论了酸度对Ｐｂｓ形成的影响；Ｈ２Ｓ吸收液的选择：共存离子的影响等。方法的线性范围为０￣０．３２ｍｇ／Ｌ；最低检出浓度为０．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ；精密度试验的变异系数为４．０％；回收率为９６．０％￣１０７．６％     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.