青岛市港口区域PM2.5污染特征及来源解析研究

港口区域因大气污染物排放量大且污染源复杂,已成为沿海城市大气污染防治的关键区域.为明确青岛港口区域PM_2.5污染特征及主要贡献源类,于2019年在青岛市3个港口区域和1个背景点位采集了不同季节的环境PM_2.5样品,并分析了其化学组分特征;同时,采用正定矩阵因子分析模型（PMF）和潜在源贡献函数（PSCF）分别分析了港口区域PM_2.5的主要贡献源类及各源类潜在的影响区域.结果表明,2019年青岛港口区域ρ（PM_2.5）年均值为64 μg·m^-3,是我国空气质量二级标准的1.8倍,其中,董家口点位最高（74 μg·m^-3）,崂山点位最低（55 μg·m^-3）. NO₃^-、OC和SO₄^2-是PM_2.5的主导组分,其中,NO₃^-含量（13.1%）明显高于其它组分.董家口点位ρ（NO₃^-）、ρ（SO₄^2-）、ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）（分别为13.0、7.09、8.98和2.91 μg·m^-3）明显高于其它点位,燃煤、工业特别是钢铁企业及货车等影响可能较为明显.同时,冬季这些组分浓度也显著高于其它 季节,而夏季Na的浓度（0.96 μg·m^-3）和占比（2.13%）明显较高;春季Si和Al的浓度（1.27和0.45 μg·m^-3）和占比（2.79%和1.00%）明显高于其它季节.PMF源解析结果表明,二次硫酸盐和二次有机碳气溶胶（SOA）混合源（22.4%）及二次硝酸盐（20.1%）是港口区域PM_2.5的主要贡献源类,其次为机动车源（16.7%）和扬尘源（14.6%）,燃煤源的贡献率为13.8%,而海盐和船舶源的贡献为7.2%.从季节变化来看,春季扬尘贡献（32.1%）较高,夏季二次硫酸盐和二次有机碳气溶胶（SOA）混合源（31.6%）、海盐和船舶源（19.2%）贡献较高,而冬季燃煤（16.6%）、机动车（22.8%）、二次硝酸盐（23.9%）、钢铁及相关冶金源（3.2%）和建筑水泥尘（3.6%）贡献较高.河北省中南部及山东省中西部地区是青岛港口各 源类的主要潜在源区,黄海是船舶排放的主要潜在源区.     

成渝地区典型城市O3污染对人为源前体物排放敏感性模拟研究

以2019年3—4月臭氧（O₃）污染小高峰为例，应用空气质量模型CAMx-DDM法分析了成渝地区O₃浓度对人为源前体物排放敏感性，并用2020年"新冠"疫情防控及生产恢复导致的污染排放同比变化情景进行模拟验证.模拟结果表明成渝地区O₃对NO_x的敏感性为负、对VOCs的敏感性为正，其中，重庆市主城区、主城区以西地区、川南城市群和成都平原西部地区敏感性较高，与其自身污染排放源分布密集有关.以典型城市重庆市主城区为例，2019年3—4月O₃小时浓度对NO_x和VOCs的敏感性平均值分别为-19.14 μg·m^-3和7.25 μg·m^-3，两者表现出相反的日变化规律，且主要受到本地及周边区域的影响，模拟结果显示在所有区域VOCs排放均削减25%的情况下，3月和4月月均O₃日最大8 h浓度分别下降2.62 μg·m^-3和3.59 μg·m^-3.敏感性模拟得到2020年3月四川省和重庆市NO_x排放量同比下降8.00%和22.40%，VOCs同比下降1.00%和7.92%；4月NO_x排放量同比上升5.00%和9.50%，四川省VOCs同比持平，重庆市上升3.63%，与同期"新冠"疫情防控及生产恢复导致的实际排放情况非常一致.     

典型城市碳达峰能源政策下空气质量协同改善效益评估

碳达峰能源政策可同时实现减污降碳,带来明显的空气质量改善及人群健康效益.本研究综合利用LEAP模型、WRF-CMAQ模型和BenMAP-CE模型,量化评估了惠州市能源政策和大气污染控制措施对二氧化碳和大气污染物排放、空气质量和人群健康的影响.结果表明, 不实施碳达峰的基准情景下惠州市CO₂排放将持续增长,而能源转型能使惠州市在2030年实现碳达峰值6906万t目标,碳减排贡献最大是 电力部门;大气污染末端控制措施叠加能源政策可从源头进一步减少SO₂、VOCs、NO_x、PM_2.5的排放,较基准年2019分别减排4695、44142、38422、12493 t.能源转型情景下惠州市2035年PM_2.5年均浓度可以从基准情景的18.25 μg·m^-3下降至14.95 μg·m^-3,小于世界卫生组织过渡期 第3阶段目标（15 μg·m^-3）,O₃年均浓度也可大幅降低至133.68 μg·m^-3;进而得到归因于PM_2.5和O₃的可避免早逝人数分别为448例（95% CI：143~737）和36例（95% CI：11~61）,相对于基准情景获得的人群健康效益为37.88亿元（95% CI：12.37~61.56）.     

珠江三角洲大气光化学氧化剂(Ox)与PM2.5复合超标污染特征及气象影响因素

基于粤港澳珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络12个监测子站的大气污染物数据,梳理2013~2017年大气光化学氧化剂O_x（NO₂+O₃）与PM_2.5质量浓度的变化趋势.O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染定义为NO₂和PM_2.5质量浓度日平均值以及O₃浓度日最大8 h平均值（O₃ MDA8）同时超过二级浓度限值,分析了不同类型站点复合超标污染的时空分布特征以及气象因素影响.结果表明,2013~2017年珠三角PM_2.5年均质量浓度由（44±7）μg·m^-3下降至（32±4）μg·m^-3,实现PM_2.5连续3 a达标.O_x年均质量浓度由2013年（127±14）μg·m^-3下降至2016年（114±12）μg·m^-3,2017年反弹至（129±13）μg·m^-3,O₃浓度上升明显（10 μg·m^-3）.以O₃为首要污染物的污染过程占比由2013年33%增多至2017年78%,多个城市同时发生污染的区域特征明显.研究时段内O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染事件共发生60次,主要在城区站点（78%）和郊区站点（22%）.秋季发生复合超标污染天数最多（52%）,是因为强太阳辐射有利于臭氧生成,大气氧化性增加,进而促进了PM_2.5二次生成.造成珠三角复合超标污染的天气形势主要为高压出海型（43%）、高压控制型（30%）和热带低压型（27%）.就具体气象因素而言,气温在20~25℃且相对湿度在60%~75%的范围内时,复合超标污染事件发生占比最高（22%）.在O₃重污染过程中,夜间高湿和低风速使得NO₂和PM_2.5浓度显著上升,日间高温加剧了复合超标污染.     

2007年春节期间北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品，并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的多环芳烃进行了检测.春节期间大气颗粒物中PM₁₀和PM_2.5夜间平均质量浓度为232 μg·m^-3和132 μg·m^-3,分别高于白天的PM₁₀(194 μg·m^-3)和PM_2.5(107 μg·m^-3)；除夕后颗粒物日平均质量浓度为252.3 μg·m^-3 (PM₁₀)和123.8 μg·m^-3 (PM_2.5)，分别高于除夕前的166.7 μg·m^-3(PM₁₀)和106.8 μg·m^-3(PM_2.5)；同时夜间PM_2.5中多17种多环芳烃(PAHs)的总浓度都高于相应白天的总浓度，且除夕前多环芳烃日均总浓度为95.9 ng·m^-3，高于除夕后的58.9 ng·m^-3.结果表明，除了受一定的气象条件的影响外，大量燃放烟花爆竹会对大气颗粒物浓度有影响，但对大气中的多环芳烃影响不大，而春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少削减了排放到大气中的PAHs.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别北京PAHs主要以燃煤为主、交通为次的混合局地源污染.     

邯郸市PM2.5-O3复合污染特征及相互影响研究

本研究在河北工程大学监测站点开展了大气中56种VOCs、NO_x以及气象参数的长期在线监测,结合2013—2019年国控站的在线监测数据,对邯郸市PM_2.5-O₃复合污染特征进行分析.结果表明,邯郸市2013—2019年复合污染天数波动较大,近几年呈现增加趋势,且集中在每年的春夏季.2013—2017年复合污染天数峰值均出现在6月,2018年和2019年出现在3月和4月.气象因素分析结果表明,温度、湿度和气压对邯郸市复合污染影响较明显,当温度为21.0~29.0℃、湿度较高、气压偏低的条件下,更容易发生复合污染,而风速对邯郸市复合污染影响较小.对PM_2.5与O₃相互作用分析发现,冬季高浓度PM_2.5对O₃有抑制作用,夏季PM_2.5浓度不超标时,O₃浓度随其升高而上升,PM_2.5浓度超标后变化趋势相反,当PM_2.5浓度大于125 μg·m^-3时不再出现PM_2.5-O₃复合污染.虽然近年来PM_2.5、SO₂和NO₂浓度下降,但二次转化率依然较高甚至有加强趋势.利用VOCs/NO_x值分析邯郸市O₃生成敏感性,结果显示邯郸市春冬季属于VOCs控制到NO_x控制的过渡区,夏秋季属于NO_x控制区,且复合污染日VOCs/NO_x值（6.3）最小,清洁日（9.3）最大.复合污染时NO₃^-和OC浓度较高,OC/EC值与其他污染日相比最大,说明复合污染时二次污染严重,有效治理PM_2.5-O₃复合污染必须减排能同时形成O₃和二次有机气溶胶的高活性有机物.     

兰溪市PM2.5中水溶性离子的组成特征及季节变化

为探索浙江省中部地区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中水溶性离子的组成特征及其季节变化,采集了兰溪市市区和近郊两个站点2016年4个季节的PM_2.5样品,利用双通道离子色谱对水溶性无机离子（Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺）进行了定量分析.结果表明,兰溪PM_2.5中离子总浓度存在明显的冬季高、夏季低的季节变化趋势,年均值为21.19 μg·m^-3,约占PM_2.5质量的45%;SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是水溶性离子中最主要的组分,年均浓度分别为8.11、5.92、3.87 μg·m^-3.Cl^-和NO₃^-浓度的季节变化最为显著,冬/夏浓度比接近10,其半挥发特性是导致兰溪PM_2.5中离子组成呈现季节变化的重要原因.兰溪PM_2.5中NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值的冬季平均值为1.18,说明流动源对兰溪PM_2.5有很大贡献;夏季（以及春、秋季）时NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值较低,且与PM_2.5浓度呈负相关,与矿物尘结合的硝酸根离子的较大贡献可能是导致夏季PM_2.5浓度较低时NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值较高的主要原因.阴阳离子平衡、相关性及主成分分析（PCA）结果表明,矿物尘对兰溪市PM_2.5的酸度及离子赋存状态有较大影响;冬季及春、秋季兰溪的PM_2.5具有一定的酸性;NO₃^-和SO₄^2-主要与NH₄⁺结合,但部分可能与钙等其他组分结合;Cl^-和K⁺主要来源于生物质燃烧,但K⁺的年均浓度仅为0.31 μg·m^-3,说明生物质燃烧对兰溪PM_2.5的贡献不大.     

甘肃南部典型城镇PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征分析

为研究甘肃南部城镇PM_2.5及水溶性离子（WSIIs）浓度水平,于2019年4月—2020年2月在甘肃成县按季度进行PM_2.5样品采集,分析了其变化特征,并运用相关和主成分分析法进行来源解析.结果表明：采样期间甘肃成县PM_2.5年平均质量浓度为（57.2±26.9） μg·m^-3,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节变化特征,冬季质量浓度约为夏季的1.9倍,全年空气质量优良率为81%,其中夏季达100%.WSIIs质量浓度呈现SO₄^2->NO₃^->Na⁺>NH₄⁺>Ca²⁺> K⁺>Cl^->Mg²⁺的特征.SNA是浓度水平最高的3种水溶性离子,占8种主要水溶性离子浓度的70.1%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）平均值为0.6,表明工农业生产及化石燃料燃烧排放等固定源是颗粒物污染的主要来源.新型冠状病毒疫情期间人员管控对PM_2.5和水溶性离子中SNA质量浓度影响显著,PM_2.5平均质量浓度降幅达44.2%.源解析表明,PM_2.5中WSIIs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧及二次源和道路建筑扬尘等.     

2022年北京市城区PM2.5水溶性离子含量及其变化特征

为探究北京市大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）水溶性离子含量及其变化特征,有针对性地提出污染防治方案,对2022年全年PM_2.5水溶性离子、气态前体物（SO₂、NO₂）和气象因素（温度、RH）进行分析测定.结果表明,北京市城区PM_2.5中占比最高的水溶性离子为NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和SO₄^2-,占PM_2.5的52.7%,ρ（PM_2.5）（33.2 μg·m^-3）和ρ（SNA）（18.9 μg·m^-3）低于历史研究结果,但SNA占比（52.7%）、SOR（0.45）和NOR（0.15）高于历史研究结果,体现出北京市细颗粒物污染得到明显改善,但仍具有较强的二次污染特征.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-为2.2,高于历史及附近省市研究结果,反映出移动源的影响不断扩大.从季节变化上看,PM_2.5呈现秋高夏低的变化特征,秋、春、冬这3个季节NO₃^-的占比最高,夏季SO₄^2-占比最高,而NH₄⁺在各季节占比变化不大.NOR与SOR的季节变化规律几乎相反,反映出二者的转化形成因素存在差异.北京城区SNA的主要存在形式为NH₄NO₃和（NH₄）₂SO₄,其中冬季阴阳离子中和度最高,夏季阳离子NH₄⁺稍显不足,而春秋两季NH₄⁺处于过量状态,北京城区为富氨环境.从污染级别看,水溶性离子质量浓度均随污染加重有不同程度的增长,增长最快的是SNA,其在PM_2.5中占比出现先上升后稳定的变化特征.从空间分布特征来看,中心城区和东南西北部郊区的SNA质量浓度大小均为：NO₃^->SO₄^2->NH₄⁺,体现了以NO₃^-为主导的污染特征;SNA对PM_2.5的贡献率最高的区域发生在东部、中心城区和传输点,表明在中心城区和东部地区二次反应相对活跃,同时区域传输也是二次离子的重要来源.     

宿迁市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源分析

为了研究宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源,于2017年5月至2018年1月在宿迁市水汽通道上的3个监测点位采集了171份PM_2.5样品,分析了PM_2.5质量浓度以及9种水溶性无机离子含量.结果表明,宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的年均浓度为（44.08±34.61）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5质量的41.8%,9种水溶性离子浓度大小排序为ρ（NO₃^-） > ρ（SO₄^2-） > ρ（NH₄⁺） > ρ（Cl^-） > ρ（Na⁺） > ρ（Ca²⁺） > ρ（K⁺） > ρ（F^-） > ρ（Mg²⁺）,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺是主要的离子组分,占总水溶性无机离子浓度的75.6%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）年均值为1.53±0.88,表明移动污染源对PM_2.5的贡献高于固定污染源.水溶性无机离子相关性分析表明,NH₄⁺与NO₃^-、SO₄^2-可能以（NH₄）₂ SO₄、NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.结合主成分分析,水溶性无机离子主要来源于二次转化、工业源、生物质燃烧和扬尘.PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度在冬季呈显著正相关,水汽传输在冬季更容易对PM_2.5浓度增长有促进作用.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.