Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

放牧对草原十壤N2O产生及微生物的影响

利用AIM乙炔抑制法 ,首次测试了我国内蒙古放牧和非放牧羊草草原土壤N2 O产生的微生物过程 ;通过分析不同类型草原土壤N2 O产生的微生物过程和相关微生物菌群的季节变化 ,研究了放牧行为对于草原土壤N2 O微生物产生过程的影响 .放牧行为改变了土壤结构 ,有利于土壤微生物反硝化作用的发生 ,在一定程度上降低了草原土壤N2 O的排放 .揭示了内蒙古草原土壤N2 O产生是以异养硝化作用过程为主的微生物过程 ,解释了内蒙古典型草原土壤N2 O通量较低和其季节变化的微生物学机理     

放牧对草原土壤N2O产生及微生物的影响

利用AIM乙炔抑制法,首次测试了我国内蒙古放牧和非放牧羊草草原土壤N₂O产生的微生物过程;通过分析不同类型草原土壤N₂O产生的微生物过程和相关微生物菌群的季节变化,研究了放牧行为对于草原土壤N₂O微生物产生过程的影响.放牧行为改变了土壤结构,有利于土壤微生物反硝化作用的发生,在一定程度上降低了草原土壤N₂O的排放.揭示了内蒙古草原土壤N₂O产生是以异养硝化作用过程为主的微生物过程,解释了内蒙古典型草原土壤N₂O通量较低和其季节变化的微生物学机理.     

内蒙古典型草原土壤N2O产生的机理探讨

利用AIM乙炔抑制法,首次测试了我国典型草原土壤与N2O 产生相关的微生物参数,并通过分析研究不同类型草原土壤N2O 产生的微生物过程和相关微生物菌群的季节变化,揭示了内蒙古典型草原土壤N2O产生是以异养硝化作用过程为主的微生物过程,从而解释了内蒙古典型草原土壤N2O通量较低及其季节变化特征的微生物学机理.     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical wheat field under different nitrogen fertilization strategies

Minimizing soil ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission factors (EFs) has significant implications in regional air quality and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions besides nitrogen (N) nutrient loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of different N fertilizer treatments of conventional urea, polymer-coated urea, ammonia sulfate, urease inhibitor (NBPT, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)-treated urea, and nitrification inhibitor (DCD, dicyandiamide)-treated urea on emissions of NH₃ and GHGs from subtropical wheat cultivation. A field study was established in a Cancienne silt loam soil. During growth season, NH₃ emission following N fertilization was characterized using active chamber method whereas GHG emissions of N₂O, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) were by passive chamber method. The results showed that coated urea exhibited the largest reduction (49%) in the EF of NH₃-N followed by NBPT-treated urea (39%) and DCD-treated urea (24%) over conventional urea, whereas DCD-treated urea had the greatest suppression on N₂O-N (87%) followed by coated urea (76%) and NBPT-treated urea (69%). Split fertilization of ammonium sulfate-urea significantly lowered both NH₃-N and N₂O-N EF values but split urea treatment had no impact over one-time application of urea. Both NBPT and DCD-treated urea treatments lowered CO₂-C flux but had no effect on CH₄-C flux. Overall, application of coated urea or urea with NPBT or DCD could be used as a mitigation strategy for reducing NH₃ and N₂O emissions in subtropical wheat production in Southern USA.     

氮肥水平对不同土壤N2O排放的影响

鉴于N2O排放量占施用氮肥量的比例即N2O排放系数还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002-2003年选取3个供试土壤.各土壤没置对照和低、中、高氮肥水平,全年施尿素量(以N计)分别为334、670和1 004 kg/hm2.结果表明,水稻生长季,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在低、中、高氮肥水平间无明显差异;而小麦生长季,随氮肥施用量增加,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在3种氮肥水平之间的差异显著.整个稻麦轮作系统,随氮肥用量的增加明显促进麦田N2O的排放.无论水稻或小麦生长季,对照3个土壤的N2O累积排放量并无显著差异,F土壤(江苏溧水)、G土壤(江苏涟水)和H土壤(江苏农科院)的N2O累积排放量,在水稻生长季分别为168、127和146 ms/m2;小麦生长季,分别为134、124和168 mg/m2.在施氮肥后,3个土壤的N2O排放量出现差异,如在中氮水平下,小麦生长季.F土壤、G土壤和H土壤N2O累积排放量分别为976、744和626 mg/m2.稻麦轮作生长季内,在低氮与中氮2个水平下,不同土壤间N2O排放系数存在显著差异.以1个稻麦轮作周期为时间尺度,F土壤、G土壤和H土壤总的N2O排放系数分别为1.1%±0.23%、0.75%±0.17%和1.01%±0.11%,表明不同土壤对N2O排放系数的影响不同.     

除草剂对氮肥反硝化损失与N2O排放的影响

在华北平原潮土上,采用原状土柱培养乙炔抑制法研究玉米地氮肥反硝化损失和N2O排放量以及喷施3种除草剂(乙莠、丁莠和旱锄)的影响.结果表明,氮肥的反硝化损失量为2.66kgN/hm2,占施肥量的1.77%;氮肥产生的N2O排放量为3.14kgN/hm2,占施氮量的2.09%,反硝化不是该地区旱作系统氮肥损失的主要途径,但氮肥的施用大大增加N2O排放量.喷施除草剂显著或极显著降低氮肥的N2O排放量和反硝化损失量,比单施尿素处理分别降低2.01~2.85kgN/hm2和2.56~3.16kgN/hm2.     

温度对滴滤池硝化过程氧化亚氮释放的影响

研究了某大学污水处理厂的一个滴滤池(生物膜系统)随季节变化N2O的释放特征.结果表明,滴滤池中N2O的释放浓度范围为0~18.21×10-6,释放量为20.5~554g N2O/(m3?a),其释放因子(N2O-N/进水NH3-N)为0.1%~0.8%.N2O释放量与季节变化有关,夏季产生量较高而春季较少,空气和进水的温差是影响滴滤池中硝化作用和N2O释放的主要因素,7月份时气温和水温温差较小,导致空气中的氧气无法充入水中,水中溶解氧的不足使得滴滤池硝化不完全,N2O释放量最高.另外,N2O释放量的昼夜变化规律表明,滴滤池的N2O释放、硝化作用和温度变化相关,通过在线监测N2O释放和水温/气温温度变化可以间接反映滴滤池的生物硝化效果.     

硝化抑制剂双氰胺对菜地土壤N_2O排放的影响

采用原状土柱试验研究了施用硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对菜地（小白菜和辣椒）土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,施用DCD能显著降低菜地土壤N2O排放通量和排放总量,小白菜未施用DCD时施氮处理土壤N2 O排放总量为0.22 kg.hm-2,施用DCD后则显著减少至0.11 kg.hm-2,相当于减少了49.33%的土壤N2...     

N2:O emissions from a cultivated Andisol after application of nitrogen fertilizers with or without nitrification inhibitor under soil moisture regime

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isoneoftheenvironmentallyimportanttracegases ,currentlyaccountingfor 2 %—4 %oftotalGreenhouseWarmingPotential (GWP ) .Itisalsoinvolvedinthedepletionofstratosphericozone .SoilhasbeenknownasthemajorsourceofN2 O ,accountingfor 6 5 %oftotalglobalemissions(Prather,1995 ) .Thus,reducingN2 Oemissionsfromsoilsisamaintaskfortheprotectionoftheglobalatmosphere .N2 Oisproducedastheresultofsoilmicrobialprocesses ,primarillybynitrification ,whentheoxidationhappensofNH+…     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…     

硝化抑制剂对我国蔬菜生产产量、氮肥利用率和氧化亚氮减排效应的影响:Meta分析

我国蔬菜生产系统由于长期过量施肥导致氮肥利用率低和环境问题严重,氮肥配施硝化抑制剂是降低活性氮损失、增加蔬菜产量和提高氮肥利用率的有效策略,然而缺乏系统研究.基于数据整合分析的方法,系统分析了氮肥配施硝化抑制剂［双氰胺（DCD）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（NP）］对我国蔬菜生产的产量、植株氮吸收、氮肥利用率和氧化亚氮减排效应的影响,进一步揭示不同田间管理措施对其效果的影响.结果表明,氮肥配施硝化抑制剂能够显著提高蔬菜产量（9.2%）、植株氮吸收（10.4%）和氮肥利用效率（11.2%）,同时减少氧化亚氮排放（28.4%）.不同硝化抑制剂类型中,NP对增产效应和氧化亚氮减排效应的影响幅度最高,分别为16.1%和32.0%,其次是DMPP和DCD.硝化抑制剂在不同氮肥用量中能提高蔬菜产量（6.7%~14.7%）和减少氧化亚氮排放（14.6%~36.8%）.在中性和碱性菜地土壤中,硝化抑制剂的增产效应和氧化亚氮减排效应的影响幅度较酸性土大.硝化抑制剂在露地栽培、根菜类和叶菜类的条件下对产量的增加和氧化亚氮的减排效果较好.主成分分析表明,土壤总氮含量和土壤pH是影响硝化抑制剂对蔬菜产量形成和驱动氧化亚氮排放的主要因素.综上,硝化抑制剂是实现蔬菜系统提质增效、节肥减排的重要举措.同时,农户应根据土壤和田间管理措施选择适宜硝化抑制剂类型,以最大限度提高其有效性.     

不同退耕还草方式下宁夏南部山区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物变化的耦合关系

为了明确不同退耕还草方式下土壤养分转化的机理及其影响因素,以宁夏南部山区(下称宁南山区)天然草地、人工草地和撂荒地土壤为研究对象,运用PVC顶盖埋管法对3种类型草地土壤中氮素的净转化速率、微生物区系和氮素微生物生理群进行了研究,探讨土壤氮素净转化速率与微生物的关系. 结果表明:①在培养过程中,3种草地类型土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量平均值分别为9.6×105、3.8×104和4.0×101 CFU/g(以干土计),氮素微生物生理群数量表现为氨化细菌(4.5×104 CFU/g)>自生固氮菌(4.3×103 CFU/g)>硝化细菌(6.5×102 CFU/g)>反硝化细菌(3.9×102 CFU/g)>亚硝化细菌(1.7×102 CFU/g),其中,人工草地土壤中微生物数量最高;②细菌、真菌、反硝化细菌与亚硝化细菌数量的峰值均出现在培养第120天,放线菌和自生固氮菌数量的峰值均出现在第240天,硝化细菌数量的峰值出现在第60天,而氨化细菌数量在各类型草地土壤中出现峰值的时间不统一;③各类型草地土壤氮素的净矿化速率、净氨化速率、净硝化速率均在61~120 d内最低,净矿化速率与净硝化速率在181~240 d内最高,净氨化速率在241~360 d内最高,微生物固氮速率的峰值出现在121~180 d,最低值出现在241~360 d. 在该区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物数量紧密相关,土壤温度、土壤水分通过影响微生物数量而成为影响土壤氮素矿化的主要因素;土壤氮素的生物固持过程比有机氮矿化过程更为活跃;种植苜蓿的人工草地比天然草地和撂荒地更有利于微生物的繁殖与土壤氮素的矿化.      

毛乌素沙地土地利用/覆被变化对草地土壤物理、化学和矿物学性质的影响

In arid and semiarid regions, cultivation and shrub invasion are two important factors to impact grassland. However, there are few studies to compare the effects of cultivation and shrub invasion on soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. In this study, three sampling sites, which respectively represent the native grassland, cultivated grassland (farmland), and shrub invasion of grassland (shrub land) in Mu Us sand land, were selected and soil samples were collected and measured for soil particle size distribution (PSD), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) concentrations, and relative percentages of mineralogical components. Results showed that cultivation and shrub invasion significantly altered the soil PSD, soil C, N and P concentrations and pools, and the relative percentages of soil mineralogical components of the grassland ecosystems. Grassland cultivation and shrub invasion significantly decreased the contents of silt and clay. Moreover, the land cover change from grassland to farmland or shrubland significantly resulted in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil carbonate loss. In this study, we found that grassland cultivation resulted in more sand accumulation and more soil C and N losses than shrub invasion, which indicated that grassland cultivation was stronger than shrub invasion to accelerate soil desertification in Mu Us sand land.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O的释放途径和影响因素

为了更好地理解和掌握污水处理过程中N 2O的释放规律,结合近年来已经发表的研究结果,就传统的污水生物脱氮过程(全程硝化反硝化过程)和新型污水生物脱氮过程(同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化)中N2O的释放途径以及影响因素进行了综述。通过综述发现,硝化和反硝化过程均有可能导致N2O的释放,且硝化过程更易产生N2O;与传统的脱氮过程相比,同步硝化反硝化等新型脱氮过程产生N2O的概率更大;影响N2O释放的因素主要有DO浓度、NO-2浓度、进水氨氮负荷、SRT和COD/N等运行工况和细菌种类及其活性。最后,展望了该领域的研究方向。     

生物炭和有机肥对菜地土壤N2O排放及硝化、反硝化微生物功能基因丰度的影响

通过室内培养试验和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了田间施用生物炭和有机肥对菜地土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放、氨单加氧酶(amo A)和亚硝酸盐还原酶(nir S、nir K)、氧化亚氮还原酶(nos Z)基因丰度的影响,并探讨功能基因丰度对N_2O排放的影响.试验设置5个处理:CK(对照)、N(尿素)、N+BC(尿素和生物炭)、N+M(尿素和有机肥)和N+BC+M(尿素、生物炭和有机肥).结果表明,与CK处理相比,各施肥处理均降低了土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)丰度,增加了nir K、nir S和nos Z基因丰度,并提高了培养期间N_2O累积排放量.与N处理相比,N+BC处理的土壤p H值提高了11.1%,并增加了AOB、AOA、nir S、nir K和nos Z基因丰度,增幅分别为105.8%、57.3%、22.0%、176.2%和204.9%,同时显著降低了培养期间N_2O累积排放量,降幅为58.1%;N+M处理增加了nir K和nir S基因丰度,增幅分别为58.8%和7.1%,对N_2O排放的影响不显著;N+BC+M处理增加了AOB、nir K、nir S和nos Z基因丰度,增幅分别为30.7%、68.7%、6.5%和84.5%,降低了N_2O累积排放量,降幅为14.4%.生物炭通过增加amo A、nir S和nir K基因丰度间接增加N_2O排放,同时通过增加nos Z基因丰度促进N_2O还原,综合效应表现为降低了菜地土壤N_2O排放.因此,通过施用生物炭改善土壤性质,增加功能基因丰度,降低土壤N_2O排放,是一种较好的N_2O减排措施.施用有机肥可以增加反硝化作用功能基因丰度,但对N_2O减排效果不显著.     

不同生态系统土壤生化特征及其与土壤呼吸和N2O排放的关系

通过室内培养实验,研究了不同生态系统土壤生化特征及其对土壤呼吸和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,不同生态系统土壤的生化特征不同,土壤呼吸和N2O排放也不相同.一般果园细菌数量最多,草地放线菌数量最多,林地真菌数量最多,而竹园细菌放线菌数量最少,果园真菌最少;微生物碳氮含量一般果园>林地>农田.相关分析表明细菌数量与微生物碳氮呈显著正相关,放线菌数量与土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而真菌数量仅与全氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).土壤呼吸累积排放量从高到低为果园>竹林>农田>林地>草地.N2O累积排放量为农田>果园>草地>林地>竹林.土壤呼吸与细菌、微生物碳氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05);土壤的N2O排放与三大微生物、铵态氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05).逐步回归分析表明土壤呼吸主要取决于土壤细菌数量和pH的变化;土壤N2O排放主要取决于土壤细菌数量和铵态氮含量的变化.     

凤眼莲对富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2O的影响

以往有关大型水生漂浮植物消减富营养化水体氮(N)的研究主要侧重于植物对N的吸收效果,而忽略了硝化、反硝化反应途径对水体脱氮的贡献.基于此,本研究中借助具创新性的收集凤眼莲种植水体释放N₂O的装置和方法,通过模拟实验研究了凤眼莲对富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮中间产物N₂O的影响.结果表明,凤眼莲可以促进富营养化水体的硝化、反硝化、成对硝化-反硝化反应过程,在本实验条件下凤眼莲种植水体在整个培养期内释放的N₂O气体浓度累积升高幅度较大,为453~4055 nL·L^-1(未加硝化抑制剂处理),通过释放N₂O而脱除氮素的量占整个水体N消减量的1.36%,为相应未种植凤眼莲水体的4.31倍.种植凤眼莲水体试验期间释放N₂O-N的量与水体氨态氮或硝态氮浓度的变化量均存在显著相关关系(p<0.05),说明N₂O释放量受到水体中NH₄⁺、NO₃^-浓度变化的影响.种植凤眼莲在实验中后期可以增加水体中硝化、反硝化细菌的数量,但其数量远低于凤眼莲根系附着的硝化反硝化细菌.水体中反硝化细菌数量与水体释放N₂O浓度之间并无显著相关性,说明种植凤眼莲水体反硝化脱氮释放N₂O过程可能主要是由根系共生微生物驱动的.     

Determination of respiration, gross nitrification and denitrification in soil profile using BaPS system

A facility of BaPS （Barometric Process Separation） was used to determine soil respiration, gross nitrification and denitrification in a winter wheat field with depths of 0-7, 7--14 and 14-21 cm. N2O production was determined by a gas chromatograph. Crop root mass and relevant soil parameters were measured. Results showed that soil respiration and gross nitrification decreased with the increase of soil depth, while denitrification did not change significantly. In comparison with no-plowing plot, soil respiration increased significantly in plowing plot, especially in the surface soil of 0-7 cm, while gross nitrification and denitrification rates were not affected by plowing. Cropping practice in previous season was found to affect soil gross nitrification in the following wheat-growing season. Higher gross nitrification rate occurred in the filed plot with preceding crop of rice compared with that of maize for all the three depths of 0-7, 7-14 and 14-21 cm. A further investigation indicated that the nitrification for all the cases accounted for about 76% of the total nitrogen transformation processes of nitrification and denitrification and the N2O production correlated with nitrification significantly, suggesting that nitrification is a key process of soil N2O production in the wheat field. In addition, the variations of soil respiration and gross nitrification were exponentially dependent on root mass （p〈0.00l）.