污泥与煤共热解制备吸附剂及其对活性艳红X-3B的吸附性能

以污水处理站脱水污泥和煤为原料共热解制备吸附剂,将其用于活性艳红X-3B模拟染料废水的吸附处理.考察了吸附时间,温度,pH及吸附剂投加量对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附动力学和热力学特性进行了探讨.结果表明:所制备吸附剂的碘吸附值为321.62 mg/g,产率为44.85%,比表面积为189.23 m2>/sup>/g,浸出液中未检测出重金属;吸附剂对活性艳红X-3B的去除率随吸附时间、温度和吸附剂投加量的增加均增大,并逐渐趋于平衡,而随pH的增加而减小;吸附剂对活性艳红X-3B的吸附动力学比较符合伪二级吸附动力学方程和二阶段吸附动力学方程,颗粒内扩散过程是吸附速率的控制步骤,但不是唯一的速率控制步骤;Langmuir等温方程比Freundlich等温方程更适合于描述该吸附行为;吸附焓变(ΔH0>/sup>)>0,吸附是一个吸热过程,提高温度有利于吸附的进行,吸附自由能变(ΔG0>/sup>)<0,吸附过程为自发进行,吸附熵变(ΔS0>/sup>)>0.      

牡蛎壳负载壳聚糖去除水中活性红152

以牡蛎壳(OS)为原料制备一种新型牡蛎壳负载壳聚糖(CCOS)吸附剂,并利用电镜扫描(SEM)、红外(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及热重(TG)分析等方法对吸附剂样品进行表征.同时,研究了吸附剂对活性红152(RR152)的吸附性能,考察了壳聚糖与牡蛎壳质量比、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、活性红152起始浓度、吸附时间和温度对吸附的影响.结果表明,壳聚糖与牡蛎壳质量比为0.08,pH值为2时,活性红152的去除率达最大值;活性红152的去除率随着吸附剂用量的增加而增大,当吸附剂用量为0.3g时,活性红152的去除率达83.3%.吸附容量也随着起始浓度的增加而增大,并在150min达到吸附平衡.运用3种动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述.吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich和Tempkin方程,最大吸附容量在298.15、303.15、308.15和318.15K下分别为135.14、142.86、144.92、149.25mg·g-1.在热力学研究中,ΔG0<0、ΔH0>0、ΔS0>0,表明此吸附过程是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程.解吸实验表明,吸附剂用碱液处理再生后,可循环使用4次.     

复合金属改性生物炭对水体中低浓度磷的吸附性能

通过FeCl_3和KMnO_4溶液对果壳生物炭进行浸渍改性,探索复合改性生物炭(Fe:Mn=1:1)对低浓度磷的吸附性能.结果表明,铁锰复合改性生物炭对低浓度磷的吸附效果远远大于铁改性及锰改性; SEM和FT-IR测定表明,铁锰复合改性后生物炭表面可能存在铁锰氧化物和铁氢氧化物.在磷浓度为0. 5 mg·L~(-1)、温度为298 K、固液比(mg∶L)为500时,吸附量为0. 96 mg·g~(-1).当溶液的pH为4～10,均具有较高的去除率和吸附量.等温吸附实验数据符合Freundlich方程,为多层吸附.吸附热力学研究表明,ΔG~θ0、ΔH~θ 0和ΔS~θ 0,说明该吸附是自发、熵增加的吸热过程.吸附动力学分析发现,改性后生物炭在60 min内基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主.可为天然水体和污水处理厂低浓度除磷提供理论数据支撑.     

改性硅藻土对三种有机染料的吸附作用研究

以天然硅藻土分别负载十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)、四甲基溴化铵(TMAB)和壳聚糖,制得一系列改性硅藻土,研究了改性硅藻土吸附水中的阴离子染料(活性红120)、阳离子染料(亚甲基蓝)、酸性染料(玫瑰红B)的适宜条件及吸附机理.结果表明,天然硅藻土对亚甲基蓝、四甲基溴化铵改性硅藻土对玫瑰红B和壳聚糖改性硅藻土对活性红120的饱和吸附量分别为51.15、49.56、56.64mg.L-1,效果良好,可被直接利用.延长吸附时间、增大吸附剂用量、控制溶液的pH值(<6)都能提高改性硅藻土吸附剂的吸附效果;3种染料在各自吸附剂上的平衡吸附量Qe与平衡浓度Ce之间的关系均符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,表明改性硅藻土吸附染料以分配作用、弱的溶质吸收为主.改性剂的引入可以改变硅藻土的表面电性,从而对不同类型染料的吸附能力产生不同影响.     

土壤环境中活性X-3B红染料的吸附行为及影响因素

对土壤吸附活性X-3B红染料的速率进行了测定,表明可以划分为高速吸附、减速吸附、缓慢吸附和0(平衡)吸附4个阶段;但各土类在各不同的阶段,其吸附速率差异较大.通过对活性X-3B红染料的土壤吸附等温线的研究,发现其吸附行为与Langmuir方程相吻合;在此基础上的计算表明,该染料在土壤上的最大吸附量为:水稻土>红壤>棕壤>褐土.从环境因素的影响而论,模拟结果显示:当土壤有机质较低或气温下降,当土壤处于中性状态或水分过多和过少,均能通过减少其吸附量达到降低活性X-3B红染料在土壤环境中的积累.     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺改性膨润土对靛蓝的吸附性能

采用CPAM(阳离子聚丙烯酰胺)改性膨润土作为吸附材料,对靛蓝进行吸附研究,考察膨润土投加量、溶液的pH、反应温度、吸附时间及溶液初始ρ(靛蓝)对吸附效果的影响,并对膨润土的性能进行了表征. 结果表明,CPAM改性膨润土对靛蓝的去除率随着投加量的增加迅速增加,最佳投加量为3g/L,达到吸附平衡所需时间为40min. 当溶液pH为4.0~10.0时,CPAM改性膨润土均能保持较大吸附量,并且pH的变化对吸附量影响较小;当溶液pH大于10.0时,吸附量明显降低. CPAM改性膨润土对靛蓝的吸附动力学符合拟一级动力学方程,热力学符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,回归系数均达0.99以上;pH为6.0时,最大吸附量为5287.0mg/g,是未改性膨润土吸附量的21.4倍,吸附性能比未改性膨润土有显著提高. 通过比表面积的测定及红外光谱和透射电子显微镜分析发现,CPAM与钠基膨润土土层中的阳离子发生离子交换反应,CPAM改性膨润土疏水性增强,层间结构发生变化,同时外比表面积增大,对有机染料的吸附作用增加,说明改性后的膨润土在结构和性能上明显优于未改性膨润土.      

小麦秸秆生物碳质吸附剂从水中吸附硝基苯的机理

在炭化温度为300℃下,以小麦秸秆为材料制备生物碳质吸附剂,采用批量平衡试验,研究了其对水中硝基苯的吸附特性,并从动力学及热力学角度探讨其吸附硝基苯的作用机理.结果表明,硝基苯在生物碳质上的吸附过程符合拉格朗日假二级动力学方程,反应活化能为12.2 kJ/mol;吸附行为可用Freundlich吸附等温方程描述,饱和吸附容量为91.58 mg/g.由吸附热力学方程计算得到的等量吸附焓变(ΔH)<0,吸附自由能变(ΔG)<0,吸附熵变(ΔS)>0,表明生物碳质对硝基苯的吸附为放热和熵减少的自发过程.      

季铵盐壳聚糖膜对水体中十二烷基苯磺酸钠吸附的研究

以壳聚糖为原料,制备季铵盐壳聚糖膜(QCSM)吸附剂,研究吸附剂对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)的吸附性能,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、浓度和温度的影响。结果表明,吸附适宜条件的为:pH 4.0,吸附时间120 min,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich和Tempkin方程。在热力学研究表中,ΔG0<0,ΔH0>0,ΔS0>0,表明此吸附过程是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程。     

凹凸棒石的表面修饰及对水中Cr（Ⅵ）吸附动力学和热力学的研究

以壳聚糖为生物质碳源,采用一步水热碳化法对凹凸棒石表面进行有机修饰,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、元素分析(EA)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、Zeta电势分析、热重分析(TGA)等对改性凹凸棒石进行表征分析.同时,通过静态吸附实验,研究了改性凹凸棒石对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附去除的性能,考察了温度对吸附性能的影响,探讨了吸附动力学和热力学规律.结果表明,改性凹凸棒石表面富含含氧基团和氨基等活性基团;对总铬的吸附行为符合准二级动力学方程;表观吸附活化能为13.4 k J·mol~(-1),表明既有静电吸附,也有配位吸附,且以静电吸附为主;对总铬的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程.在温度为298、308、318和328 K时,最大吸附量分别为203.3、232.6、267.4和322.6 mg·g~(-1),说明改性凹凸棒石是一种新型环保高性能的除铬材料.在研究的温度范围内,ΔH~0为19.8 k J·mol~(-1),ΔG~0为-19.5~-23.7 k J·mol~(-1),ΔS~0为72.1~131.8 J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1),表明该吸附是一吸热的、自发的、熵增过程.     

改性羧甲基纤维素对铀吸附机理的试验研究

对羧甲基纤维素(CMC)进行改性,并将其用于吸附废水中的铀.研究结果表明:在温度为70℃~80℃、单体质量浓度为30%~35%、羧甲基纤维素:丙烯酸(质量比)为10:2.5、反应时间为3.5~4h条件下,CMC改性效果最好;在改性CMC质量浓度为0.10g/L,温度为25℃, pH值为5.0,反应时间60min的条件下,对废水中铀去除率达到了97.1%;改性CMC对溶液中U(VI)的吸附过程符合Freundlich方程,其吸附动力学数据符合准一级方程(R2=0.9618),表明改性CMC的吸附主要是表面吸附;热力学研究表明,改性CMC对铀的吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,吸附过程是自发的吸热反应、以物理吸附为主的过程.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.