纤维改性硫酸亚铁还原铬渣水泥固化体研究

以浸出毒性、表面浸出率、抗日晒能力和抗压强度为指标考察了纤维改性硫酸亚铁还原铬渣水泥固化体的性能。实验结果表明：纤维改性硫酸亚铁还原铬渣水泥固化体养护7d和28d后的浸出毒性均低于国家标准、抗压强度均大于10MPa,可以做最终处置或进行综合利用;与普通铬渣水泥固化体相比,纤维改性硫酸亚铁还原铬渣水泥固化体在加入植物纤维为0．8g时的处理效果最好,浸出毒性、表面浸出率分别降低了76．I％和76．8％;抗日晒能力、抗压强度分别提高了36．4％和52．1％。     

亚铁盐预还原技术在铬渣固化/稳定化中的应用

研究了加与不加还原剂，还原剂种类，还原剂加料方式，还原剂加入量对铬渣固化体浸出毒性的影响。研究结果表明：硫酸亚铁预还原后得到的铬渣固化体浸出毒性比没有预还原处理的固化体浸出毒性要降低60％以上；用硫酸亚铁的效果与用硫酸亚铁胺的效果相差不大，且前者价格便宜，使用中不会造成二次污染；硫酸亚铁的加料方式对处理效果影响很大，适宜的加料方式是硫酸亚铁先配成水溶液后与铬渣进行搅拌，可以增大还原反应进行的程度；硫酸亚铁的加入量为理论计算值的125％为宜。     

放射性废物固化方法综述

玻璃固化体的稳定性随放射性废物放热而降低，导致其浸出率增加，现较好的玻璃固体是硼酸盐玻璃；陶瓷固化体具有优越的化学稳定性、热稳定性、机械稳定性；水泥固化具有设备简单、生产能力大、投资和运行费用低、无废气净化问题、原料易得、固化生产过程二次污染少等优点，但是多孔性是水泥固化材料的致命弱点。     

反复冻融与高温老化对砷污染土壤固化稳定化效果的影响

通过无侧限抗压强度、渗透系数、浸出浓度以及形态分布测试,分别考察了不同条件下反复冻融和高温老化作用对砷污染土壤固化或稳定化效果的影响,同时利用扫描电镜分析了稳定化土壤的微观形貌变化.结果表明,反复冻融和高温老化处理均会不同程度地削弱固化土壤的抗压强度,并提高其渗透系数.两种处理会增加稳定化土壤中砷的不稳定形态,从而增大其浸出浓度,如反复冻融处理300次后,稳定化土壤中砷的不稳定形态增加了19.81%,浸出浓度由115.5μg·L~(-1)增加至151.5μg·L~(-1),80℃高温老化10 h后,砷的不稳定形态增加了25.1%,浸出浓度增加至164.5μg·L~(-1).反复冻融次数的增加、老化温度的升高以及老化时间的延长,均会分别增大对固化/稳定化效果的影响.稳定化土壤经反复冻融和高温老化处理后,会发生不同程度的碎裂,呈现结构松散状.     

基于二次铝灰的地聚反应稳固化垃圾飞灰

基于工业生产铝过程中回收的二次铝灰（SAD）的地质聚合反应,提出了一种稳固化城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（MSWIFA）的新方法,分析硅铝物质的量之比对飞灰中重金属浸出浓度及地聚物固化体力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,当硅铝物质的量之比小于2.5时,二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体与偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中的重金属浸出浓度均随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而逐渐降低,2种固化体的抗压强度随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而增加;硅铝物质的量之比达到2.5时,重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度均趋于稳定.XRD分析结果显示,偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中聚合物的种类与数量均略高于二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体.但从重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度来看,2类固化体对飞灰中重金属的稳固化效果的差别很小,二次铝灰加上部分硅基材料可以作为偏高岭土的替代品,用于稳固化飞灰重金属的地质聚合反应中.二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体的抗压强度达到13.65MPa,具备一定的力学性能,可用于部分特定的建筑材料.     

基于二次铝灰的地聚反应稳固化垃圾飞灰

基于工业生产铝过程中回收的二次铝灰（SAD）的地质聚合反应,提出了一种稳固化城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（MSWIFA）的新方法,分析硅铝物质的量之比对飞灰中重金属浸出浓度及地聚物固化体力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,当硅铝物质的量之比小于2.5时,二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体与偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中的重金属浸出浓度均随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而逐渐降低,2种固化体的抗压强度随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而增加;硅铝物质的量之比达到2.5时,重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度均趋于稳定.XRD分析结果显示,偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中聚合物的种类与数量均略高于二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体.但从重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度来看,2类固化体对飞灰中重金属的稳固化效果的差别很小,二次铝灰加上部分硅基材料可以作为偏高岭土的替代品,用于稳固化飞灰重金属的地质聚合反应中.二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体的抗压强度达到13.65MPa,具备一定的力学性能,可用于部分特定的建筑材料.     

沸石掺量对磷酸镁水泥固化模拟放射性核素Sr的影响

研究了不同沸石掺量对磷酸镁水泥固化模拟放射性核素Sr的影响,测试了固化体的基本性能及抗浸出性,并采用X射线衍射仪、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、综合热分析仪和扫描电子显微镜对固化体物相和微观结构进行分析.结果表明:掺入沸石的固化体仍具有优异的力学性能,一定范围内,沸石掺量增大,固化体的抗冻融性、抗浸泡性及抗浸出性增强;掺入沸石后固化体力学性能下降的原因是水化产物的结晶程度及整体性下降,当沸石掺量超过一定程度,水化产物含量降低也会导致固化体力学性能下降;沸石的高吸附性、沸石及磷酸镁水泥水化凝胶的双重保护,以及掺入沸石后磷酸镁水泥固化体机械阻滞作用的增强使固化体在掺入沸石后固化性能得到显著改善.     

生活垃圾填埋场中飞灰固化体动态/半动态浸出行为

采用p H为5. 5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液作为浸提液,建立飞灰固化体的动态/半动态浸出实验,研究填埋场渗滤液导排系统正常和淤堵时飞灰固化体的长期浸出行为。结果表明:动态和半动态实验中Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd的浸出过程均受扩散控制,但动态浸出的延续时间更长,半动态浸出的重金属浓度及总量更高。在飞灰填埋处置过程中,应保持渗滤液导排系统畅通,避免发生堵塞;此外,还应关注飞灰固化体长期浸出的环境影响。     

地聚物固化生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化体抗氧化硫杆菌腐蚀性能的研究

为了探讨地聚合物固化生活垃圾焚烧飞灰后形成的固化体抗强酸性微生物的侵蚀性能,模拟氧化硫杆菌的腐蚀过程,考察经氧化硫杆菌浸泡前后地聚物固化体质量、抗压强度、浸出浓度的变化.结果表明,地聚物固化体具有良好的抗氧化硫杆菌侵蚀能力:浸泡28 d后,质量损失<1%;抗压强度仍达到了21.88MPa,抗蚀系数在0.9以上;重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg、Pb的最大浸出浓度仅为:107.7、22.71、39.18、0.56、34.84和3.03μg.L-1.并且重金属的浸出浓度随浸泡时间而降低,表明了地聚物具有良好的抗氧化硫杆菌腐蚀的性能.实验通过X-ray衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)的分析对地聚物固化体的微观结构进行了表征,并探讨了地聚物固化体抗酸腐蚀性能的机制.     

放射性废物固化体长期浸出试验

本标准用于比较和评价放射性废物固化体在实验室控制条件下的抗浸出性能.不宜于将试验结果定量外推,预测废物固化体在实际长期贮存条件下的安全性.编制本标准时,参照了国际标准ISO6961.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.