TiO2/活性炭负载光催化剂的制备与光催化性能

以粒状活性炭为载体,钛酸丁酯和乙醇为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法及浸渍法制备负载型TiO2光催化剂.通过加入不同分子量和质量的聚乙二醇降低催化剂表面TiO2的粒径,增大比表面积,提高TiO2/C光催化剂的吸附性和光催化活性.以XDA、SEM、TG-DTA、比表面积、亚甲蓝吸附值、钛的负载量及对亚甲蓝的光催化降解性能对催化剂样品进行了表征.结果表明加入1.0 g PEG2000所制备的TiO2/C前驱体经过450℃焙烧后,TiO2的平均晶粒尺寸为12.9 nm,其晶型为锐钛矿型,其比表面积为997.0m2·g-1,对亚甲蓝的吸附值比活性炭基体增加22.5%,100mg·L-1的亚甲蓝溶液用该催化剂在pH为1.0～9.25范围内,2.5 h的降解率达82.5%～96%.     

Mo-TiO2/AC光催化剂的制备及可见光降解L-酸的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Mo6 掺杂TiO2光催化剂,并将其负载于粒状活性炭上,以1-萘酚-5-磺酸(L-酸)为模型反应物,研究了对L-酸的光催化作用并讨论了不同光源以及负载次数对L-酸的去除率和溶液的总有机碳去除率的影响.结果表明,Mo6 掺杂扩大了TiO2催化剂的光谱响应范围.负载于活性炭上的掺杂二氧化钛为锐钛矿相,粒径约为17.8 nm.负载次数增多,催化剂的活性下降.Mo6 的掺杂不影响负载催化剂的紫外光活性及对L-酸的吸附能力.100 mg·L-1的L-酸溶液加0.4 g催化剂,在可见光下反应4 h,掺杂催化剂对L-酸和溶液总有机碳的去除率分别为57%和53%,而未掺杂的催化剂去除率分别为13%和10%.催化剂反复使用4次,催化活性没有变化.     

活性炭负载TiO2催化剂对直接耐酸大红4BS溶液的光催化降解研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了活性炭负载型TiO2催化剂,采用了XRD、BET和SEM对催化剂进行表征。研究了催化剂对直接耐酸大红4BS的紫外光催化降解,比较了活性炭、P25和TiO2／AC对4BS溶液的降解能力,探讨了催化剂煅烧温度和投加量以及染料溶液的初始浓度对光催化降解率的影响,并对催化剂进行了回收再生实验。结果表明,500℃下煅烧的TiO2／AC催化剂比表面积为1147．88m^2／g、TiO2粒径为21．9nm、晶相组成以锐钛矿为主,具有良好的光催化活性和稳定性;90min后2g／L催化剂对150mg／L的4BS溶液紫外光催化降解率达到99．8％。     

Ce-TiO_2/ACF型催化剂低温降解柴油机醛酮的研究

介绍了溶胶-凝胶法制备负载于活性炭纤维的Ce掺杂TiO2催化剂工艺流程;利用TiO2光催化和ACF吸附的协调技术,分析了表征参数、Ce掺杂量、煅烧条件、光照条件、负载次数和重复使用性等因素对降解醛酮污染物的影响。采用液相色谱技术,对生物柴油发动机尾气中的醛酮污染物进行了采样和分析。结果表明:Ce与TiO2的最佳物质的量比为0.25,最佳煅烧温度为400℃,煅烧时间为4.0 h,醛酮最大降解效率为90%,优化后的Ce-TiO2/ACF型催化剂光催化性能好,具有较强的低温降解生物柴油发动机尾气中醛酮污染物的能力。     

TiO2/硅藻土光催化氧化降解甲基橙的研究

使用经过预处理的硅藻土做载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备硅藻土负载二氧化钛光催化剂,利用XRD和EDS对其进行表征.通过分析光催化反应的主要影响因素,研究了硅藻土负载二氧化钛光催化剂对甲基橙的催化降解效果.结果表明：负载3次,在550℃焙烧2h,制备出的负载型催化剂催化活性较高,催化剂上的TiO2为锐钛矿结构.当催化剂投加量为lg/L,溶液初始浓度为15 mg/L,pH为3,H2O2为2 mmol/L时,对甲基橙的降解效果达到最佳.     

活性炭纤维负载纳米La-S/TiO_2光催化降解苯酚的研究

采用浸涂-焙烧法合成了活性炭纤维负载纳米La-S/TiO2复合光催化剂,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其表面形貌和结构变化进行了表征分析。在λ>400 nm的可见光光照下,考察了其对苯酚溶液的光催化降解能力。结果表明:负载型La-S/TiO2复合光催化剂比纳米La-S/TiO2光催化剂对苯酚具有更强的降解能力,苯酚的降解是在自由基的作用下进行的,经历了先形成不稳定的活性中间体,然后直接开环降解成脂肪酸等低分子量的化合物,接着被深度氧化的过程。     

TiO_2/ACF光催化反应器的设计及降解苯酚的研究

以硫酸钛为原料,活性炭纤维(ACF)为载体,通过水解法制备出光催化剂(TiO2/ACF)。利用SEM、XRD等技术对其进行表征确认,ACF表面负载有大量以锐钛矿型为主的TiO2。在考虑工艺操作的应用性,以及反应器中的光-固(催化剂)-液(反应器溶液)-气(空气)等各要素之间的良好接触和匹配关系的情况下,设计、制作光催化氧化反应器。以主波长为254 nm的紫外灯作为光源,利用制备的TiO2/ACF光催化降解苯酚溶液,考察了动态条件下苯酚的去除效果。结果表明:在苯酚初始质量浓度为40 mg/L,废水pH=7.5,反应器内紫外灯光强为1.75 W/L,通入空气量Q=2.6 mL/(min.L)的情况下,当废水在反应器内HRT约为7.67 h时,苯酚去除率可达91%,COD去除率约为79%。     

负载型TiO2/活性炭的制备及光催化降解罗丹明B研究

通过溶胶-凝胶方法以活性炭(AC)为载体,制备负载型TiO2/AC,利用SEM、BET、XRD、Ranme、XPS对TiO2/AC的组成、结构、尺寸等特征进行分析和表征,并用紫外灯为光源,通过TiO2/AC、TiO2粉末和活性炭与TiO2粉末的混合物对可溶性罗丹明B的光催化降解效果的比较,探讨了TiO2/AC的光催化性能.结果表明,负载体中的TiO2是由30～60nm的球形颗粒组成,含有Ti,O,C等3种元素,颗粒间不发生团聚,其中一些C元素是由活性炭载体扩散到TiO2颗粒中的.由于活性炭载体与TiO2的协同作用以及高浓度Ti3+的影响,负载型TiO2/AC的光催化活性大.当TiO2/AC在250℃空气中热处理2h,再在氮气保护下500℃热处理2 h,TiO2的质量分数为(18±0.3)%时,负载型TiO2/AC对罗丹明B的光催化降解的表观反应常数k最大,为0.0077 min-1.     

负载型纳米TiO2/AC对偶氮染料的光催化降解研究

以钛酸四丁酯和粒状活性炭(AC)为主要原料,采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍法制备出负载型纳米TiO2/AC催化剂.在流化床反应器中分别对2种典型的偶氮类染料橙黄G、活性艳红X-3B模拟废水进行了光催化降解研究,探讨了pH值、外加氧化剂对光催化降解率的影响,并对催化剂进行了回收再生利用试验.结果表明,TiO2/AC催化剂具有良好的光催化活性、吸附特性及可再生性,60 min后对2种染料反应的光催化降解率分别可达到99.71%和97 12%,反应180 min后的TOC去除率分别达到81.54%和81.99%;反应后TiO2/AC催化剂回收率大于95%,经焙烧再生后对橙黄G反应60 min的光催化降解率仍高达95.93%.     

蜂窝陶瓷负载TiO2光催化降解邻-氯苯酚水溶液

采用溶胶 -凝胶技术 (Sol-Gel)制备以蜂窝陶瓷为载体的负载型TiO2 光催化剂。探讨工艺条件对催化降解效果的影响 ;结果表明 ,蜂窝陶瓷表面浸涂 5层TiO2 薄膜 ,经 50 0℃焙烧后 ,具有较高的光催化活性。在紫外光照射下 ,该催化剂降解 1 .0× 1 0 - 3mol/L邻氯苯酚水溶液 2 .5h ,降解率达到 1 0 0 % ;在O3的协同效应下 ,降解率在 1 .5h即可达到 1 0 0 %     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.